Safened herbicidal compositions comprising a pyridine carboxylic acid herbicide

ABSTRACT

Disclosed herein are safened herbicidal compositions comprising (a) a pyridine carboxylic acid herbicide or an agriculturally acceptable N-oxide, salt or ester thereof and (b) a quinolinyloxyacetate safener or agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof. Also disclosed herein are methods of controlling undesirable vegetation, comprising applying to vegetation or an area adjacent the vegetation or applying in soil or water to control the emergence or growth of vegetation (a) a pyridine carboxylic acid herbicide or an agriculturally acceptable N-oxide, salt or ester thereof and (b) an quinolinyloxyacetate safener or agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/050,717, filed Sep. 15, 2014, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE

The disclosure relates to safened herbicidal compositions comprising a pyridine carboxylic acid herbicide, as well as methods of controlling undesirable vegetation using the same.

BACKGROUND

Many recurring problems in agriculture involve controlling the growth of undesirable vegetation that can, for instance, negatively affect the growth of desirable vegetation. To help control undesirable vegetation, researchers have produced a variety of chemicals and chemical formulations effective in controlling such unwanted growth.

In some cases, although a herbicide may be effective in controlling undesirable vegetation, it may also have a phytotoxic effect on a crop and cause injury or even kill the crop. Accordingly, safeners can be provided with the herbicide to limit the phytotoxicity of the herbicidal active ingredient.

SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE

Disclosed herein are safened herbicidal compositions. The safened herbicidal compositions can comprise (a) a pyridine carboxylic acid herbicide or agriculturally acceptable N-oxide, salt, or ester thereof and (b) a quinolinyloxyacetate safener or an agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof. The weight ratio of (a) to (b) can be from 65:1 to 1:5 (e.g., from 5:1 to 1:5, or from 2:1 to 1:2).

The pyridine carboxylic acid herbicide can comprise a compound defined by Formula (I)

wherein

X is N or CY, wherein Y is hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₃ alkyl, C₁-C₃ haloalkyl, C₁-C₃ alkoxy, C₁-C₃ haloalkoxy, C₁-C₃ alkylthio or C₁-C₃ haloalkylthio;

R¹ is OR^(1′) or NR^(1″)R^(1′″), wherein R^(1′) is hydrogen, C₁-C₈ alkyl, or C₇-C₁₀ arylalkyl, and R^(1″) and R^(1′″) are independently hydrogen, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, C₃-C₁₂ alkenyl, or C₃-C₁₂ alkynyl;

R² is halogen, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ haloalkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, C₁-C₄ alkoxy, C₁-C₄ haloalkoxy, C₁-C₄ alkylthio, C₁-C₄ haloalkylthio, amino, C₁-C₄ alkylamino, C₂-C₄ haloalkylamino, formyl, C₁-C₃ alkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₃ haloalkylcarbonyl, cyano, or a group of the formula —CR¹⁷═CR¹⁸—SiR¹⁹R²⁰R²¹, wherein R¹⁷ is hydrogen, F, or Cl; R¹⁸ is hydrogen, F, Cl, C₁-C₄ alkyl, or C₁-C₄ haloalkyl; and R¹⁹, R²⁰, and R²¹ are independently C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, phenyl, substituted phenyl, C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy, or OH;

R³ and R⁴ are independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₃-C₆ alkenyl, C₃-C₆ haloalkenyl, C₃-C₆ alkynyl, formyl, C₁-C₃ alkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₃ haloalkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxycarbonyl, C₁-C₆ alkylcarbamyl, C₁-C₆ alkylsulfonyl, C₁-C₆ trialkylsilyl, C₁-C₆ dialkylphosphonyl, or R³ and R⁴ taken together with N is a 5- or 6-membered saturated ring, or R³ and R⁴ taken together represent ═CR^(3′)(R^(4′)), wherein R^(3′) and R^(4′) are independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₆ alkenyl, C₃-C₆ alkynyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy or C₁-C₆ alkylamino, or, R^(3′) and R^(4′) taken together with ═C represent a 5- or 6-membered saturated ring;

A is one of groups A1 to A36

R⁵, if applicable to the A group, is hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, cyclopropyl, halocyclopropyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ haloalkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, C₁-C₃ alkoxy, C₁-C₃ haloalkoxy, C₁-C₃ alkylthio, C₁-C₃ haloalkylthio, amino, C₁-C₄ alkylamino, C₂-C₄ haloalkylamino, OH, or CN;

R⁶, R^(6′), and R^(6″), if applicable to the A group, are independently hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, cyclopropyl, halocyclopropyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ haloalkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, C₁-C₃ alkoxy, C₁-C₃ haloalkoxy, C₁-C₃ alkylthio, C₁-C₃ haloalkylthio, amino, C₁-C₄ alkylamino or C₂-C₄ halo alkylamino, OH, CN, or NO₂;

R⁷ and R^(7′) are independently hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, cyclopropyl, halocyclopropyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ haloalkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, C₁-C₃ alkoxy, C₁-C₃ haloalkoxy, C₁-C₃ alkylthio, C₁-C₃ haloalkylthio, amino, C₁-C₄ alkylamino, C₁-C₄ haloalkylamino, or phenyl;

R⁸ is hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₃-C₆ alkenyl, C₃-C₆ haloalkenyl, C₃-C₆ alkynyl, formyl, C₁-C₃ alkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₃ haloalkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxycarbonyl, C₁-C₆ alkylcarbamyl, C₁-C₆ alkylsulfonyl, C₁-C₆ trialkylsilyl, or phenyl;

-   -   or an agriculturally acceptable N-oxide or salt thereof.

In certain embodiments, the pyridine carboxylic acid herbicide can comprise a compound defined by Formula (II):

wherein

R¹ is OR^(1′) or NR^(1″)R^(1′″), wherein R^(1′) is hydrogen, C₁-C₈ alkyl, or C₇-C₁₀ arylalkyl, and R^(1″) and R^(1′″) are independently hydrogen, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, C₃-C₁₂ alkenyl, or C₃-C₁₂ alkynyl;

R² is halogen, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ haloalkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, C₁-C₄ alkoxy, C₁-C₄ haloalkoxy, C₁-C₄ alkylthio, C₁-C₄ haloalkylthio, amino, C₁-C₄ alkylamino, C₂-C₄ haloalkylamino, formyl, C₁-C₃ alkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₃ haloalkylcarbonyl, cyano, or a group of the formula —CR¹⁷═CR¹⁸—SiR¹⁹R²⁰R²¹, wherein R¹⁷ is hydrogen, F, or Cl; R¹⁸ is hydrogen, F, Cl, C₁-C₄ alkyl, or C₁-C₄ haloalkyl; and R¹⁹, R²⁰, and R²¹ are independently C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, phenyl, substituted phenyl, C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy, or OH;

R³ and R⁴ are independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₃-C₆ alkenyl, C₃-C₆ haloalkenyl, C₃-C₆ alkynyl, formyl, C₁-C₃ alkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₃ haloalkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxycarbonyl, C₁-C₆ alkylcarbamyl, C₁-C₆ alkylsulfonyl, C₁-C₆ trialkylsilyl, C₁-C₆ dialkylphosphonyl, or R³ and R⁴ taken together with N is a 5- or 6-membered saturated ring, or R³ and R⁴ taken together represent ═CR^(3′)(R^(4′)), wherein R^(3′) and R^(4′) are independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₆ alkenyl, C₃-C₆ alkynyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy or C₁-C₆ alkylamino, or, R^(3′) and R^(4′) taken together with ═C represent a 5- or 6-membered saturated ring;

A is A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, A7, A8, A9, A10, A11, A12, A13, A14, A15, A16, A17, A18, A19, A20, A21, A22, A23, A24, A25, A26, A27, A28, A29, A30, A31, A32, A33, A34, A35, or A36;

R⁵ is hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, cyclopropyl, halocyclopropyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ haloalkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, C₁-C₃ alkoxy, C₁-C₃ haloalkoxy, C₁-C₃ alkylthio, C₁-C₃ haloalkylthio, amino, C₁-C₄ alkylamino, C₂-C₄ haloalkylamino, OH, or CN;

R⁶, R^(6′), and R^(6″) are independently hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, cyclopropyl, halocyclopropyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ haloalkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, C₁-C₃ alkoxy, C₁-C₃ haloalkoxy, C₁-C₃ alkylthio, C₁-C₃ haloalkylthio, amino, C₁-C₄ alkylamino or C₂-C₄ halo alkylamino, OH, CN, or NO₂;

R⁷ and R^(7′) are independently hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, cyclopropyl, halocyclopropyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ haloalkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, C₁-C₃ alkoxy, C₁-C₃ haloalkoxy, C₁-C₃ alkylthio, C₁-C₃ haloalkylthio, amino, C₁-C₄ alkylamino, C₂-C₄ haloalkylamino, or phenyl; and

R⁸ is hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₃-C₆ alkenyl, C₃-C₆ haloalkenyl, C₃-C₆ alkynyl, formyl, C₁-C₃ alkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₃ haloalkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxycarbonyl, C₁-C₆ alkylcarbamyl, C₁-C₆ alkylsulfonyl, C₁-C₆ trialkylsilyl, or phenyl;

or an agriculturally acceptable N-oxide or salt thereof.

In some embodiments, R¹ is OR^(1′), wherein R^(1′) is hydrogen, C₁-C₈ alkyl, or C₇-C₁₀ arylalkyl. In certain embodiments, R² is Cl, methoxy, vinyl, or 1-propenyl; R³ and R⁴ are hydrogen; A is A15; R⁵ is hydrogen or F; R⁶ is hydrogen or F; and R^(6″) is hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, cyclopropyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, CN, or NO₂.

In certain embodiments, the pyridine carboxylic acid herbicide can comprise a compound defined by Formula (III):

wherein

X is N or CY, wherein Y is hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₃ alkyl, C₁-C₃ haloalkyl, C₁-C₃ alkoxy, C₁-C₃ haloalkoxy, C₁-C₃ alkylthio or C₁-C₃ haloalkylthio;

R¹ is OR^(1′) or NR^(1″)R^(1′″), wherein R^(1′) is hydrogen, C₁-C₈ alkyl, or C₇-C₁₀ arylalkyl, and R^(1″) and R^(1′″) are independently hydrogen, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, C₃-C₁₂ alkenyl, or C₃-C₁₂ alkynyl;

R² is halogen, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ haloalkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, C₁-C₄ alkoxy, C₁-C₄ haloalkoxy, C₁-C₄ alkylthio, C₁-C₄ haloalkylthio, amino, C₁-C₄ alkylamino, C₂-C₄ haloalkylamino, formyl, C₁-C₃ alkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₃ haloalkylcarbonyl, cyano, or a group of the formula —CR¹⁷═CR¹⁸—SiR¹⁹R²⁰R²¹, wherein R¹⁷ is hydrogen, F, or Cl; R¹⁸ is hydrogen, F, Cl, C₁-C₄ alkyl, or C₁-C₄ haloalkyl; and R¹⁹, R²⁰, R²¹ are independently C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, phenyl, substituted phenyl, C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy, or OH;

R³ and R⁴ are independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₃-C₆ alkenyl, C₃-C₆ haloalkenyl, C₃-C₆ alkynyl, formyl, C₁-C₃ alkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₃ haloalkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxycarbonyl, C₁-C₆ alkylcarbamyl, C₁-C₆ alkylsulfonyl, C₁-C₆ trialkylsilyl, C₁-C₆ dialkylphosphonyl, or R³ and R⁴ taken together with N is a 5- or 6-membered saturated ring, or R³ and R⁴ taken together represent ═CR^(3′)(R^(4′)), wherein R^(3′) and R^(4′) are independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₆ alkenyl, C₃-C₆ alkynyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy or C₁-C₆ alkylamino, or, R^(3′) and R^(4′) taken together with ═C represent a 5- or 6-membered saturated ring;

R⁶ and R^(6′) are independently hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, cyclopropyl, halocyclopropyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ haloalkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, C₁-C₃ alkoxy, C₁-C₃ haloalkoxy, C₁-C₃ alkylthio, C₁-C₃ haloalkylthio, amino, C₁-C₄ alkylamino or C₂-C₄ halo alkylamino, OH, CN, or NO₂;

R⁷ and R^(7′) are independently hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, cyclopropyl, halocyclopropyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ haloalkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, C₁-C₃ alkoxy, C₁-C₃ haloalkoxy, C₁-C₃ alkylthio, C₁-C₃ haloalkylthio, amino, C₁-C₄ alkylamino, C₂-C₄ halo alkylamino, or phenyl; and

R⁸ is hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₃-C₆ alkenyl, C₃-C₆ haloalkenyl, C₃-C₆ alkynyl, formyl, C₁-C₃ alkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₃ haloalkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxycarbonyl, C₁-C₆ alkylcarbamyl, C₁-C₆ alkylsulfonyl, C₁-C₆ trialkylsilyl, or phenyl;

or an agriculturally acceptable N-oxide or salt thereof.

In some embodiments, X is N, CH or CF. In certain embodiments, X is CF, R¹ is OR^(1′), wherein R^(1′) is hydrogen, C₁-C₈ alkyl, or C₇-C₁₀ arylalkyl; R² is Cl, methoxy, vinyl, or 1-propenyl; R³ and R⁴ are hydrogen; R⁶ is hydrogen or F; and R^(6′) is hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, cyclopropyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, CN, or NO₂.

In certain embodiments, the pyridine carboxylic acid herbicide can include 4-amino-3-chloro-5-fluoro-6-(7-fluoro-1H-indol-6-yl) picolinic acid, or an agriculturally acceptable N-oxide, salt, or ester thereof.

In some embodiments, the quinolinyloxyacetate safener comprises cloquintocet or an agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof.

In some embodiments, the composition can further comprise an agriculturally acceptable adjuvant or carrier, an additional pesticide, or a combination thereof. In certain embodiments, the active ingredients in the composition consist of (a) and (b).

Also disclosed herein are methods of controlling undesirable vegetation, comprising applying to vegetation or an area adjacent the vegetation or applying to soil or water to control the emergence or growth of vegetation (a) a pyridine carboxylic acid herbicide or an agriculturally acceptable N-oxide, salt, or ester thereof, and (b) a quinolinyloxyacetate safener or an agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof. In some embodiments, (a) and (b) are applied simultaneously. In some embodiments, (a) and (b) are applied post-emergence of the undesirable vegetation. In one embodiment, the undesirable vegetation is in corn (e.g., maize). In another embodiment, the undesirable vegetation is in cereals.

In some embodiments, (a) can comprise a pyridine carboxylic acid herbicide described above. In some embodiments, the quinolinyloxyacetate safener comprises cloquintocet or an agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof. In some cases, (a) can be applied in an amount of from 0.1 gram acid equivalent per hectare (g ae/ha) to 300 g ae/ha (e.g., from 30 g ae/ha to 40 g ae/ha) and/or (b) can be applied in an amount of from 1 grams active ingredient per hectare (g ai/ha) to 300 g ai/ha (e.g., from 30 g ai/ha to 40 g ai/ha). In some cases, (a) and (b) can be applied in a weight ratio of from 65:1 to 1:5 (e.g., from 5:1 to 1:5, or from 2:1 to 1:2).

The description below sets forth details of one or more embodiment of the present disclosure. Other features, objects, and advantages will be apparent from the description and from the claims.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present disclosure relates to safened herbicidal compositions comprising a herbicidally effective amount of (a) a pyridine carboxylic acid herbicide or an agriculturally acceptable N-oxide, salt, or ester thereof and (b) a quinolinyloxyacetate safener. The present disclosure also relates to methods for controlling undesirable vegetation. In one embodiment, the undesirable vegetation is in corn (e.g., maize). In another embodiment, the undesirable vegetation is in cereals.

I. Definitions

Terms used herein will have their customary meaning in the art unless specified otherwise. The organic moieties mentioned when defining variable positions within the general formulae described herein (e.g., the term “halogen”) are collective terms for the individual substituents encompassed by the organic moiety. The prefix C_(n)-C_(m) preceding a group or moiety indicates, in each case, the possible number of carbon atoms in the group or moiety that follows.

As used herein, the terms “herbicide” and “herbicidal active ingredient” refer to an active ingredient that kills, controls, or otherwise adversely modifies the growth of vegetation, particularly undesirable vegetation, such as weeds, when applied in an appropriate amount.

As used herein, a herbicidally effective amount” refers to an amount of an active ingredient that causes a “herbicidal effect,” i.e., an adversely modifying effect including, for instance, a deviation from natural growth or development, killing, regulation, desiccation, growth inhibition, growth reduction, and retardation.

As used herein, applying a herbicide or herbicidal composition refers to delivering it directly to the targeted vegetation or to the locus thereof or to the area where control of undesired vegetation is desired. Methods of application include, but are not limited to pre-emergently contacting soil or water, post-emergently contacting the undesirable vegetation or area adjacent to the undesirable vegetation.

As used herein, the terms “crops” and “vegetation” can include, for instance, dormant seeds, germinant seeds, emerging seedlings, plants emerging from vegetative propagules, immature vegetation, and established vegetation.

As used herein, immature vegetation refers to small vegetative plants prior to reproductive stage, and mature vegetation refers to vegetative plants during and after the reproductive stage.

As used herein, unless otherwise specified, the term “acyl” refers to a group of formula —C(O)R, where R is hydrogen, alkyl (e.g., C₁-C₁₀ alkyl), haloalkyl (C₁-C₈ haloalkyl), alkenyl (C₂-C₈ alkenyl), haloalkenyl (e.g., C₂-C₈ haloalkenyl), alkynyl (e.g., C₂-C₈ alkynyl), alkoxy (C₁-C₈ alkoxy), haloalkoxy (C₁-C₈ alkoxy), aryl, or heteroaryl, arylalkyl (C₇-C₁₀ arylalkyl), as defined below, where “C(O)” or “CO” is short-hand notation for C═O. In some embodiments, the acyl group can be a C₁-C₆ acyl group (e.g., a formyl group, a C₁-C₅ alkylcarbonyl group, or a C₁-C₅ haloalkylcarbonyl group). In some embodiments, the acyl group can be a C₁-C₃ acyl group (e.g., a formyl group, a C₁-C₃ alkylcarbonyl group, or a C₁-C₃ haloalkylcarbonyl group).

As used herein, the term “alkyl” refers to saturated, straight-chained or branched saturated hydrocarbon moieties. Unless otherwise specified, C₁-C₂₀ (e.g., C₁-C₁₂, C₁-C₁₀, C₁-C₈, C₁-C₆, C₁-C₄) alkyl groups are intended. Examples of alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, propyl, 1-methyl-ethyl, butyl, 1-methyl-propyl, 2-methyl-propyl, 1,1-dimethyl-ethyl, pentyl, 1-methyl-butyl, 2-methyl-butyl, 3-methyl-butyl, 2,2-dimethyl-propyl, 1-ethyl-propyl, hexyl, 1,1-dimethyl-propyl, 1,2-dimethyl-propyl, 1-methyl-pentyl, 2-methyl-pentyl, 3-methyl-pentyl, 4-methyl-pentyl, 1,1-dimethyl-butyl, 1,2-dimethyl-butyl, 1,3-dimethyl-butyl, 2,2-dimethyl-butyl, 2,3-dimethyl-butyl, 3,3-dimethyl-butyl, 1-ethyl-butyl, 2-ethyl-butyl, 1,1,2-trimethyl-propyl, 1,2,2-trimethyl-propyl, 1-ethyl-1-methyl-propyl, and 1-ethyl-2-methyl-propyl. Alkyl substituents may be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more chemical moieties. Examples of suitable substituents include, for example, hydroxy, nitro, cyano, formyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₆ haloalkoxy, C₁-C₆ acyl, C₁-C₆ alkylthio, C₁-C₆ haloalkylthio, C₁-C₆ alkylsulfinyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkylsulfinyl, C₁-C₆ alkylsulfonyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkylsulfonyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxycarbonyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkoxycarbonyl, C₁-C₆ carbamoyl, C₁-C₆ halocarbamoyl, hydroxycarbonyl, C₁-C₆ alkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkylcarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, C₁-C₆ alkylaminocarbonyl, haloalkylaminocarbonyl, C₁-C₆ dialkylaminocarbonyl, and C₁-C₆ dihaloalkylaminocarbonyl, provided that the substituents are sterically compatible and the rules of chemical bonding and strain energy are satisfied. Preferred substituents include cyano and C₁-C₆ alkoxy.

As used herein, the term “haloalkyl” refers to straight-chained or branched alkyl groups, wherein these groups the hydrogen atoms may partially or entirely be substituted with halogen atoms. Unless otherwise specified, C₁-C₂₀ (e.g., C₁-C₁₂, C₁-C₁₀, C₁-C₈, C₁-C₆, C₁-C₄) alkyl groups are intended. Examples include chloromethyl, bromomethyl, dichloromethyl, trichloromethyl, fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, chlorofluoromethyl, dichlorofluoromethyl, chlorodifluoromethyl, 1-chloroethyl, 1-bromoethyl, 1-fluoroethyl, 2-fluoroethyl, 2,2-difluoroethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, 2-chloro-2-fluoroethyl, 2-chloro-2,2-difluoroethyl, 2,2-dichloro-2-fluoroethyl, 2,2,2-trichloroethyl, pentafluoroethyl, and 1,1,1-trifluoroprop-2-yl. Haloalkyl substituents may be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more chemical moieties. Examples of suitable substituents include, for example, hydroxy, nitro, cyano, formyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₆ haloalkoxy, C₁-C₆ acyl, C₁-C₆ alkylthio, C₁-C₆ haloalkylthio, C₁-C₆ alkylsulfinyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkylsulfinyl, C₁-C₆ alkylsulfonyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkylsulfonyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxycarbonyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkoxycarbonyl, C₁-C₆ carbamoyl, C₁-C₆ halocarbamoyl, hydroxycarbonyl, C₁-C₆ alkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkylcarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, C₁-C₆ alkylaminocarbonyl, haloalkylaminocarbonyl, C₁-C₆ dialkylaminocarbonyl, and C₁-C₆ dihaloalkylaminocarbonyl, provided that the substituents are sterically compatible and the rules of chemical bonding and strain energy are satisfied. Preferred substituents include cyano and C₁-C₆ alkoxy.

As used herein, the term “alkenyl” refers to unsaturated, straight-chained, or branched hydrocarbon moieties containing a double bond. Unless otherwise specified, C₂-C₂₀ (e.g., C₂-C₁₂, C₂-C₁₀, C₂-C₈, C₂-C₆, C₂-C₄) alkenyl groups are intended. Alkenyl groups may contain more than one unsaturated bond. Examples include ethenyl, 1-propenyl, 2-propenyl, 1-methylethenyl, 1-butenyl, 2-butenyl, 3-butenyl, 1-methyl-1-propenyl, 2-methyl-1-propenyl, 1-methyl-2-propenyl, 2-methyl-2-propenyl, 1-pentenyl, 2-pentenyl, 3-pentenyl, 4-pentenyl, 1-methyl-1-butenyl, 2-methyl-1-butenyl, 3-methyl-1-butenyl, 1-methyl-2-butenyl, 2-methyl-2-butenyl, 3-methyl-2-butenyl, 1-methyl-3-butenyl, 2-methyl-3-butenyl, 3-methyl-3-butenyl, 1,1-dimethyl-2-propenyl, 1,2-dimethyl-1-propenyl, 1,2-dimethyl-2-propenyl, 1-ethyl-1-propenyl, 1-ethyl-2-propenyl, 1-hexenyl, 2-hexenyl, 3-hexenyl, 4-hexenyl, 5-hexenyl, 1-methyl-1-pentenyl, 2-methyl-1-pentenyl, 3-methyl-1-pentenyl, 4-methyl-1-pentenyl, 1-methyl-2-pentenyl, 2-methyl-2-pentenyl, 3-methyl-2-pentenyl, 4-methyl-2-pentenyl, 1-methyl-3-pentenyl, 2-methyl-3-pentenyl, 3-methyl-3-pentenyl, 4-methyl-3-pentenyl, 1-methyl-4-pentenyl, 2-methyl-4-pentenyl, 3-methyl-4-pentenyl, 4-methyl-4-pentenyl, 1,1-dimethyl-2-butenyl, 1,1-dimethyl-3-butenyl, 1,2-dimethyl-1-butenyl, 1,2-dimethyl-2-butenyl, 1,2-dimethyl-3-butenyl, 1,3-dimethyl-1-butenyl, 1,3-dimethyl-2-butenyl, 1,3-dimethyl-3-butenyl, 2,2-dimethyl-3-butenyl, 2,3-dimethyl-1-butenyl, 2,3-dimethyl-2-butenyl, 2,3-dimethyl-3-butenyl, 3,3-dimethyl-1-butenyl, 3,3-dimethyl-2-butenyl, 1-ethyl-1-butenyl, 1-ethyl-2-butenyl, 1-ethyl-3-butenyl, 2-ethyl-1-butenyl, 2-ethyl-2-butenyl, 2-ethyl-3-butenyl, 1,1,2-trimethyl-2-propenyl, 1-ethyl-1-methyl-2-propenyl, 1-ethyl-2-methyl-1-propenyl, and 1-ethyl-2-methyl-2-propenyl. The term “vinyl” refers to a group having the structure —CH═CH₂; 1-propenyl refers to a group with the structure-CH═CH—CH₃; and 2-propenyl refers to a group with the structure —CH₂—CH═CH₂. Alkenyl substituents may be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more chemical moieties. Examples of suitable substituents include, for example, hydroxy, nitro, cyano, formyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₆ haloalkoxy, C₁-C₆ acyl, C₁-C₆ alkylthio, C₁-C₆ haloalkylthio, C₁-C₆ alkylsulfinyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkylsulfinyl, C₁-C₆ alkylsulfonyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkylsulfonyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxycarbonyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkoxycarbonyl, C₁-C₆ carbamoyl, C₁-C₆ halocarbamoyl, hydroxycarbonyl, C₁-C₆ alkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkylcarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, C₁-C₆ alkylaminocarbonyl, haloalkylaminocarbonyl, C₁-C₆ dialkylaminocarbonyl, and C₁-C₆ dihaloalkylaminocarbonyl, provided that the substituents are sterically compatible and the rules of chemical bonding and strain energy are satisfied. Preferred substituents include cyano and C₁-C₆ alkoxy. The term “haloalkenyl,” as used herein, refers to an alkenyl group, as defined above, which is substituted by one or more halogen atoms.

As used herein, the term “alkynyl” represents straight-chained or branched hydrocarbon moieties containing a triple bond. Unless otherwise specified, C₂-C₂₀ (e.g., C₂-C₁₂, C₂-C₁₀, C₂-C₈, C₂-C₆, C₂-C₄) alkynyl groups are intended. Alkynyl groups may contain more than one unsaturated bond. Examples include C₂-C₆-alkynyl, such as ethynyl, 1-propynyl, 2-propynyl (or propargyl), 1-butynyl, 2-butynyl, 3-butynyl, 1-methyl-2-propynyl, 1-pentynyl, 2-pentynyl, 3-pentynyl, 4-pentynyl, 3-methyl-1-butynyl, 1-methyl-2-butynyl, 1-methyl-3-butynyl, 2-methyl-3-butynyl, 1,1-dimethyl-2-propynyl, 1-ethyl-2-propynyl, 1-hexynyl, 2-hexynyl, 3-hexynyl, 4-hexynyl, 5-hexynyl, 3-methyl-1-pentynyl, 4-methyl-1-pentynyl, 1-methyl-2-pentynyl, 4-methyl-2-pentynyl, 1-methyl-3-pentynyl, 2-methyl-3-pentynyl, 1-methyl-4-pentynyl, 2-methyl-4-pentynyl, 3-methyl-4-pentynyl, 1,1-dimethyl-2-butynyl, 1,1-dimethyl-3-butynyl, 1,2-dimethyl-3-butynyl, 2,2-dimethyl-3-butynyl, 3,3-dimethyl-1-butynyl, 1-ethyl-2-butynyl, 1-ethyl-3-butynyl, 2-ethyl-3-butynyl, and 1-ethyl-1-methyl-2-propynyl. Alkynyl substituents may be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more chemical moieties. Examples of suitable substituents include, for example, hydroxy, nitro, cyano, formyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₆ haloalkoxy, C₁-C₆ acyl, C₁-C₆ alkylthio, C₁-C₆ haloalkylthio, C₁-C₆ alkylsulfinyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkylsulfinyl, C₁-C₆ alkylsulfonyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkylsulfonyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxycarbonyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkoxycarbonyl, C₁-C₆ carbamoyl, C₁-C₆ halocarbamoyl, hydroxycarbonyl, C₁-C₆ alkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkylcarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, C₁-C₆ alkylaminocarbonyl, haloalkylaminocarbonyl, C₁-C₆ dialkylaminocarbonyl, and C₁-C₆ dihaloalkylaminocarbonyl, provided that the substituents are sterically compatible and the rules of chemical bonding and strain energy are satisfied. Preferred substituents include cyano and C₁-C₆ alkoxy.

As used herein, the term “alkoxy” refers to a group of the formula R—O—, where R is unsubstituted or substituted alkyl as defined above. Unless otherwise specified, alkoxy groups wherein R is a C₁-C₂₀ (e.g., C₁-C₁₂, C₁-C₁₀, C₁-C₈, C₁-C₆, C₁-C₄) alkyl group are intended. Examples include methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, 1-methyl-ethoxy, butoxy, 1-methyl-propoxy, 2-methyl-propoxy, 1,1-dimethyl-ethoxy, pentoxy, 1-methyl-butyloxy, 2-methyl-butoxy, 3-methyl-butoxy, 2,2-dimethyl-propoxy, 1-ethyl-propoxy, hexoxy, 1,1-dimethyl-propoxy, 1,2-dimethyl-propoxy, 1-methyl-pentoxy, 2-methyl-pentoxy, 3-methyl-pentoxy, 4-methyl-penoxy, 1,1-dimethyl-butoxy, 1,2-dimethyl-butoxy, 1,3-dimethyl-butoxy, 2,2-dimethyl-butoxy, 2,3-dimethyl-butoxy, 3,3-dimethyl-butoxy, 1-ethyl-butoxy, 2-ethylbutoxy, 1,1,2-trimethyl-propoxy, 1,2,2-trimethyl-propoxy, 1-ethyl-1-methyl-propoxy, and 1-ethyl-2-methyl-propoxy.

As used herein, the term “haloalkoxy” refers to a group of the formula R—O—, where R is unsubstituted or substituted haloalkyl as defined above. Unless otherwise specified, haloalkoxy groups wherein R is a C₁-C₂₀ (e.g., C₁-C₁₂, C₁-C₁₀, C₁-C₈, C₁-C₆, C₁-C₄) haloalkyl group are intended. Examples include chloromethoxy, bromomethoxy, dichloromethoxy, trichloromethoxy, fluoromethoxy, difluoromethoxy, trifluoromethoxy, chlorofluoromethoxy, dichlorofluoromethoxy, chlorodifluoromethoxy, 1-chloroethoxy, 1-bromoethoxy, 1-fluoroethoxy, 2-fluoroethoxy, 2,2-difluoroethoxy, 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy, 2-chloro-2-fluoroethoxy, 2-chloro-2,2-difluoroethoxy, 2,2-dichloro-2-fluoroethoxy, 2,2,2-trichloroethoxy, pentafluoroethoxy, and 1,1,1-trifluoroprop-2-oxy.

As used herein, the term “alkylthio” refers to a group of the formula R—S—, where R is unsubstituted or substituted alkyl as defined above. Unless otherwise specified, alkylthio groups wherein R is a C₁-C₂₀ (e.g., C₁-C₁₂, C₁-C₁₀, C₁-C₈, C₁-C₆, C₁-C₄) alkyl group are intended. Examples include methylthio, ethylthio, propylthio, 1-methylethylthio, butylthio, 1-methylpropylthio, 2-methylpropylthio, 1,1-dimethylethylthio, pentylthio, 1-methylbutylthio, 2-methylbutylthio, 3-methylbutylthio, 2,2-dimethylpropylthio, 1-ethylpropylthio, hexylthio, 1,1-dimethylpropylthio, 1,2-dimethylpropylthio, 1-methylpentylthio, 2-methylpentylthio, 3-methylpentylthio, 4-methylpentylthio, 1,1-dimethylbutylthio, 1,2-dimethylbutylthio, 1,3-dimethylbutylthio, 2,2-dimethylbutylthio, 2,3-dimethylbutylthio, 3,3-dimethylbutylthio, 1-ethylbutylthio, 2-ethylbutylthio, 1,1,2-trimethylpropylthio, 1,2,2-trimethylpropylthio, 1-ethyl-1-methylpropylthio, and 1-ethyl-2-methylpropylthio.

As used herein, the term “haloalkylthio” refers to an alkylthio group as defined above wherein the carbon atoms are partially or entirely substituted with halogen atoms. Unless otherwise specified, haloalkylthio groups wherein R is a C₁-C₂₀ (e.g., C₁-C₁₂, C₁-C₁₀, C₁-C₈, C₁-C₆, C₁-C₄) alkyl group are intended. Examples include chloromethylthio, bromomethylthio, dichloromethylthio, trichloromethylthio, fluoromethylthio, difluoromethylthio, trifluoromethylthio, chlorofluoromethylthio, dichlorofluoro-methylthio, chlorodifluoromethylthio, 1-chloroethylthio, 1-bromoethylthio, 1-fluoroethylthio, 2-fluoroethylthio, 2,2-difluoroethylthio, 2,2,2-trifluoroethylthio, 2-chloro-2-fluoroethylthio, 2-chloro-2-difluoroethylthio, 2,2-dichloro-2-fluoroethylthio, 2,2,2-trichloroethylthio, pentafluoroethylthio, and 1,1,1-trifluoroprop-2-ylthio.

As used herein, the term “aryl,” as well as derivative terms such as aryloxy, refers to groups that include a monovalent aromatic carbocyclic group of from 6 to 14 carbon atoms. Aryl groups can include a single ring or multiple condensed rings. In some embodiments, aryl groups include C₆-C₁₀ aryl groups. Examples of aryl groups include, but are not limited to, phenyl, biphenyl, naphthyl, tetrahydronaphthyl, phenylcyclopropyl, and indanyl. In some embodiments, the aryl group can be a phenyl, indanyl or naphthyl group. The term “heteroaryl”, as well as derivative terms such as “heteroaryloxy”, refers to a 5- or 6-membered aromatic ring containing one or more heteroatoms, viz., N, O or S; these heteroaromatic rings may be fused to other aromatic systems. The aryl or heteroaryl substituents may be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more chemical moieties. Examples of suitable substituents include, for example, hydroxy, halogen, nitro, cyano, formyl, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkoxy, C₁-C₆ acyl, C₁-C₆ alkylthio, C₁-C₆ alkylsulfinyl, C₁-C₆ alkylsulfonyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxycarbonyl, C₁-C₆ carbamoyl, hydroxycarbonyl, C₁-C₆ alkylcarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, C₁-C₆ alkylaminocarbonyl, C₁-C₆ dialkylaminocarbonyl, provided that the substituents are sterically compatible and the rules of chemical bonding and strain energy are satisfied. Preferred substituents include halogen, C₁-C₂ alkyl and C₁-C₂ haloalkyl.

As used herein, the term “alkylcarbonyl” refers to an unsubstituted or substituted alkyl group bonded to a carbonyl group. C₁-C₃ alkylcarbonyl and C₁-C₃ haloalkylcarbonyl refer to groups wherein a C₁-C₃ unsubstituted or substituted alkyl or haloalkyl group is bonded to a carbonyl group (the group contains a total of 2 to 4 carbon atoms).

As used herein, the term “alkoxycarbonyl” refers to a group of the formula

wherein R is unsubstituted or substituted alkyl.

As used herein, the term “arylalkyl” refers to an alkyl group substituted with an unsubstituted or substituted aryl group. C₇-C₁₀ arylalkyl refers to a group wherein the total number of carbon atoms in the group is 7 to 10, not including the carbon atoms present in any substituents of the aryl group.

As used herein, the term “alkylamino” refers to an amino group substituted with one or two unsubstituted or substituted alkyl groups, which may be the same or different.

As used herein, the term “haloalkylamino” refers to an alkylamino group wherein the alkyl carbon atoms are partially or entirely substituted with halogen atoms.

As used herein, C₁-C₆ alkylaminocarbonyl refers to a group of the formula RNHC(O)— wherein R is C₁-C₆ unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, and C₁-C₆ dialkylaminocarbonyl refers to a group of the formula R₂NC(O)— wherein each R is independently C₁-C₆ unsubstituted or substituted alkyl.

As used herein, the term “alkylcarbamyl” refers to a carbamyl group substituted on the nitrogen with an unsubstituted or substituted alkyl group.

As used herein, the term “alkylsulfonyl” refers to a group of the formula

where R is unsubstituted or substituted alkyl.

As used herein, the term “carbamyl” (also referred to as carbamoyl and aminocarbonyl) refers to a group of the formula

As used herein, the term “dialkylphosphonyl” refers to a group of the formula

where R is independently unsubstituted or substituted alkyl in each occurrence.

As used herein, C₁-C₆ trialkylsilyl refers to a group of the formula —SiR₃ wherein each R is independently a C₁-C₆ unsubstituted or substituted alkyl group (the group contains a total of 3 to 18 carbon atoms).

As used herein, Me refers to a methyl group; OMe refers to a methoxy group; and i-Pr refers to an isopropyl group.

As used herein, the term “halogen” including derivative terms such as “halo” refers to fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine.

As used herein, agriculturally acceptable salts and esters refer to salts and esters that exhibit herbicidal activity, or that are or can be converted in plants, water, or soil to the referenced herbicide. Exemplary agriculturally acceptable esters are those that are or can be hydrolyzed, oxidized, metabolized, or otherwise converted, e.g., in plants, water, or soil, to the corresponding carboxylic acid which, depending on the pH, may be in the dissociated or undissociated form.

Compounds described herein can include N-oxides. Pyridine N-oxides can be obtained by oxidation of the corresponding pyridines. Suitable oxidation methods are described, for example, in Houben-Weyl, Methoden der organischen Chemie [Methods in organic chemistry], expanded and subsequent volumes to the 4th edition, volume E 7b, p. 565 f.

Pyridine Carboxylic Acid Herbicides

Compositions and methods of the present disclosure can include a pyridine carboxylic acid herbicide defined by Formula (I)

wherein

X is N or CY, wherein Y is hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₃ alkyl, C₁-C₃ haloalkyl, C₁-C₃ alkoxy, C₁-C₃ haloalkoxy, C₁-C₃ alkylthio or C₁-C₃ haloalkylthio;

R¹ is OR^(1′) or NR^(1″)R^(1′″) wherein R^(1′) is hydrogen, C₁-C₈ alkyl, or C₇-C₁₀ arylalkyl, and R^(1″) and R^(1′″) are independently hydrogen, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, C₃-C₁₂ alkenyl, or C₃-C₁₂ alkynyl;

R² is halogen, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ haloalkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, C₁-C₄ alkoxy, C₁-C₄ haloalkoxy, C₁-C₄ alkylthio, C₁-C₄ haloalkylthio, amino, C₁-C₄ alkylamino, C₂-C₄ haloalkylamino, formyl, C₁-C₃ alkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₃ haloalkylcarbonyl, cyano, or a group of the formula —CR¹⁷═CR¹⁸—SiR¹⁹R²⁰R²¹, wherein R¹⁷ is hydrogen, F, or Cl; R¹⁸ is hydrogen, F, Cl, C₁-C₄ alkyl, or C₁-C₄ haloalkyl; and R¹⁹, R²⁰, and R²¹ are independently C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, phenyl, substituted phenyl, C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy, or OH;

R³ and R⁴ are independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₃-C₆ alkenyl, C₃-C₆ haloalkenyl, C₃-C₆ alkynyl, formyl, C₁-C₃ alkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₃ haloalkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxycarbonyl, C₁-C₆ alkylcarbamyl, C₁-C₆ alkylsulfonyl, C₁-C₆ trialkylsilyl, C₁-C₆ dialkylphosphonyl, or R³ and R⁴ taken together with N is a 5- or 6-membered saturated ring, or R³ and R⁴ taken together represent ═CR^(3′)(R^(4′)), wherein R^(3′) and R^(4′) are independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₆ alkenyl, C₃-C₆ alkynyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy or C₁-C₆ alkylamino, or, R^(3′) and R^(4′) taken together with ═C represent a 5- or 6-membered saturated ring;

A is one of groups A1 to A36

R⁵, if applicable to the A group, is hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, cyclopropyl, halocyclopropyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ haloalkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, C₁-C₃ alkoxy, C₁-C₃ haloalkoxy, C₁-C₃ alkylthio, C₁-C₃ haloalkylthio, amino, C₁-C₄ alkylamino, C₂-C₄ haloalkylamino, OH, or CN;

R⁶, R^(6′), and R^(6″), if applicable to the A group, are independently hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, cyclopropyl, halocyclopropyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ haloalkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, C₁-C₃ alkoxy, C₁-C₃ haloalkoxy, C₁-C₃ alkylthio, C₁-C₃ haloalkylthio, amino, C₁-C₄ alkylamino or C₂-C₄ halo alkylamino, OH, CN, or NO₂;

R⁷ and R^(7′) are independently hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, cyclopropyl, halocyclopropyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ haloalkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, C₁-C₃ alkoxy, C₁-C₃ haloalkoxy, C₁-C₃ alkylthio, C₁-C₃ haloalkylthio, amino, C₁-C₄ alkylamino, C₁-C₄ haloalkylamino, or phenyl;

R⁸ is hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₃-C₆ alkenyl, C₃-C₆ haloalkenyl, C₃-C₆ alkynyl, formyl, C₁-C₃ alkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₃ haloalkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxycarbonyl, C₁-C₆ alkylcarbamyl, C₁-C₆ alkylsulfonyl, C₁-C₆ trialkylsilyl, or phenyl;

or an agriculturally acceptable N-oxide or salt thereof.

In some embodiments, R¹ is OR^(1′), wherein R^(1′) is hydrogen, C₁-C₈ alkyl, or C₇-C₁₀ arylalkyl. In some embodiments, R^(1′) is hydrogen or C₁-C₈ alkyl. In some embodiments, R^(1′) is hydrogen.

In some embodiments, R² is halogen, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, C₂-C₄-alkenyl, C₂-C₄ haloalkenyl, C₁-C₄-alkoxy, or C₁-C₄ haloalkoxy. In some embodiments, R² is halogen, C₂-C₄-alkenyl, C₂-C₄ haloalkenyl, or C₁-C₄-alkoxy. In some embodiments, R² is halogen. In some embodiments, R² is C₂-C₄-alkenyl or C₂-C₄ haloalkenyl. In some embodiments, R² is C₁-C₄ alkoxy. In some embodiments, R² is Cl, OMe, vinyl, or 1-propenyl. In some embodiments, R² is Cl. In some embodiments, R² is OMe. In some embodiments, R² is vinyl or 1-propenyl.

In some embodiments, R³ and R⁴ are independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₃-C₆ alkenyl, C₃-C₆ haloalkenyl, C₃-C₆ alkynyl, formyl, C₁-C₃ alkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₃ haloalkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxycarbonyl, C₁-C₆ alkylcarbamyl, or R³ and R⁴ taken together represent ═CR^(3′)(R^(4′)), wherein R^(3′) and R^(4′) are independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₆ alkenyl, C₃-C₆ alkynyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, or C₁-C₆ alkylamino. In some embodiments, R³ and R⁴ are independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₃-C₆ alkenyl, C₃-C₆ haloalkenyl, formyl, C₁-C₃ alkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₃ haloalkylcarbonyl, or R³ and R⁴ taken together represent ═CR^(3′)(R^(4′)), wherein R^(3′) and R^(4′) are independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy or C₁-C₆ alkylamino. In some embodiments, R³ and R⁴ are independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₃-C₆ alkenyl, C₃-C₆ haloalkenyl, formyl, C₁-C₃ alkylcarbonyl, or C₁-C₃ haloalkylcarbonyl. In some embodiments, at least one of R³ and R⁴ are hydrogen. In some embodiments, R³ and R⁴ are both hydrogen.

In some embodiments, X is N, CH or CF. In some embodiments, X is N. In some embodiments, X is CH. In some embodiments, X is CF. In other embodiments, X is C—CH₃.

In some embodiments, A is A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, A7, A8, A9, A10, A11, A12, A13, A14, A15, A16, A17, A18, A19, or A20. In other embodiments, A is one of A21, A22, A23, A24, A25, A26, A27, A28, A29, A30, A31, A32, A33, A34, A35, and A36.

In some embodiments, A is one of groups A1, A2, A3, A7, A8, A9, A10, A13, A14, and A15. In some embodiments, A is one of groups A1, A2, A3, A13, A14, and A15. In some embodiments, A is one of groups A13, A14, and A15. In some embodiments, A is A15.

In some embodiments, R⁵ is hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, C₁-C₃ alkoxy, C₁-C₃ haloalkoxy, C₁-C₃ alkylthio, C₁-C₃ haloalkylthio, or amino. In some embodiments, R⁵ is hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, C₁-C₃ alkoxy, C₁-C₃ haloalkoxy, or amino. In some embodiments, R⁵ is hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₄ alkyl or C₁-C₄ alkoxy. In some embodiments, R⁵ is hydrogen or F. In some embodiments, R⁵ is hydrogen.

In other embodiments, R⁵ is F.

In some embodiments, R⁶ is hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, C₁-C₃ alkoxy, or C₁-C₃ haloalkoxy. In some embodiments, R⁶ is hydrogen or fluorine. In some embodiments, R⁶ is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R⁶ is fluorine.

In some embodiments, R^(6′) is hydrogen or halogen. In some embodiments, R^(6′) is hydrogen, F, or Cl. In some embodiments, R^(6′) is hydrogen or F. In some embodiments, R^(6′) is hydrogen.

In some embodiments, R^(6″) is hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, cyclopropyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, CN, or NO₂. In some embodiments, R^(6″) is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R^(6″) is halogen. In some embodiments, R^(6″) is C₁-C₄ alkyl. In some embodiments, R^(6″) is C₁-C₄ haloalkyl. In some embodiments, R^(6″) is cyclopropyl. In some embodiments, R^(6″) is C₂-C₄ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R^(6″) is CN. In some embodiments, R^(6″) is NO₂.

In some embodiments:

X is N, CH, CF, CCl, or CBr;

R¹ is OR^(1′), wherein R^(1′) is hydrogen or C₁-C₄ alkyl;

R² is chlorine;

R³ and R⁴ are hydrogen;

A is A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, A7, A8, A9, A10, A11, A12, A13, A14, A15, A16, A17, A18, A19, or A20;

R⁵ is hydrogen, halogen, OH, amino, CN, C₁-C₃ alkyl, C₁-C₃ alkoxy, C₁-C₃ alkylamino, or cyclopropyl;

R⁶, R^(6′), and R^(6″) are independently hydrogen, halogen, OH, NH₂, CN, C₁-C₃ alkyl, C₁-C₃ alkoxy, cyclopropyl, or vinyl;

R⁷ and R^(7′) are independently hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₃ alkyl, C₁-C₃ alkoxy, C₁-C₃ alkylthio, cyclopropyl, C₁-C₃ alkylamino, or phenyl; and

R⁸ is hydrogen, C₁-C₃ alkyl, phenyl, or C₁-C₃ alkylcarbonyl.

In some embodiments, R² is halogen, C₂-C₄-alkenyl, C₂-C₄ haloalkenyl, or C₁-C₄-alkoxy; R³ and R⁴ are both hydrogen; and X is N, CH, or CF.

In some embodiments, R² is halogen; R³ and R⁴ are both hydrogen; and X is N, CH, or CF.

In some embodiments, R² is C₂-C₄-alkenyl or C₂-C₄ haloalkenyl; R³ and R⁴ are both hydrogen; and X is N, CH, or CF.

In some embodiments, R² is C₁-C₄-alkoxy; R³ and R⁴ are both hydrogen; and X is N, CH, or CF.

In some embodiments, R² is halogen, C₂-C₄-alkenyl, C₂-C₄ haloalkenyl, or C₁-C₄-alkoxy; R³ and R⁴ are both hydrogen; X is N, CH, or CF; R⁵ is hydrogen or F; R⁶ is hydrogen or F; R^(6′) is hydrogen; R^(6″), if applicable to the relevant A group, is hydrogen or halogen; and R⁷ and R^(7′), if applicable to the relevant A group, are independently hydrogen or halogen.

In some embodiments, R² is halogen, C₁-C₄-alkoxy, or C₂-C₄-alkenyl; R³ and R⁴ are hydrogen; X is N, CH, or CF; and A is one of groups A1 to A20.

In some embodiments, R² is chlorine; R³ and R⁴ are hydrogen; X is N, CH, or CF; A is one of groups A1 to A20; R⁵ is hydrogen or F; R⁶ and R^(6′) are independently hydrogen or F; and R⁷ and R^(7′), if applicable to the relevant A group, are independently hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₄ alkyl, or C₁-C₄ haloalkyl.

In some embodiments, R² is chlorine, methoxy, vinyl, or 1-propenyl; R³ and R⁴ are hydrogen; and X is N, CH, or CF.

In some embodiments, R² is chlorine; R³ and R⁴ are hydrogen; and X is N, CH, or CF.

In some embodiments, R² is vinyl or 1-propenyl; R³ and R⁴ are hydrogen; and X is N, CH, or CF.

In some embodiments, R² is methoxy; R³ and R⁴ are hydrogen; and X is N, CH, or CF.

In some embodiments, R² is chlorine; R³ and R⁴ are hydrogen; and X is N.

In some embodiments, R² is chlorine; R³ and R⁴ are hydrogen; and X is CH.

In some embodiments, R² is chlorine; R³ and R⁴ are hydrogen; and X is CF.

In some embodiments, R² is chlorine; R³ and R⁴ are hydrogen; X is CF; A is one of A1, A2, A3, A7, A8, A9, A10, A13, A14, or A15; R⁵ is F; and R⁶ is H.

In some embodiments, R² is chlorine, methoxy, vinyl, or 1-propenyl; R³ and R⁴ are hydrogen; X is N, CH, or CF; and A is one of A21-A36.

In some embodiments, R² is chlorine, methoxy, vinyl, or 1-propenyl; R³ and R⁴ are hydrogen; X is CF; and A is one of

wherein R⁵ is hydrogen or F.

In some embodiments, R² is chlorine, methoxy, vinyl, or 1-propenyl; R³ and R⁴ are hydrogen; X is N, CH, or CF; and A is

where R⁵ is hydrogen or F.

In some embodiments, R² is chlorine, methoxy, vinyl, or 1-propenyl; R³ and R⁴ are hydrogen; X is N, CH, or CF; and A is

In some embodiments, R² is chlorine, methoxy, vinyl, or 1-propenyl; R³ and R⁴ are hydrogen; X is CF; and A is

In some embodiments, the pyridine carboxylic acid herbicide can comprise a compound defined by Formula (I)

wherein

X is N or CY, wherein Y is hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₃ alkyl, C₁-C₃ haloalkyl, C₁-C₃ alkoxy, C₁-C₃ haloalkoxy, C₁-C₃ alkylthio, or C₁-C₃ haloalkylthio;

R¹ is OR^(1′) or NR^(1″)R^(1′″), wherein R^(1′) is hydrogen, C₁-C₈ alkyl, or C₇-C₁₀ arylalkyl, and R^(1″) and R^(1′) are independently hydrogen, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, C₃-C₁₂ alkenyl, or C₃-C₁₂ alkynyl;

R² is halogen, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ haloalkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, C₁-C₄ alkoxy, C₁-C₄ haloalkoxy, C₁-C₄ alkylthio, C₁-C₄ haloalkylthio, amino, C₁-C₄ alkylamino, C₂-C₄ haloalkylamino, formyl, C₁-C₃ alkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₃ haloalkylcarbonyl, cyano, or a group of the formula —CR¹⁷═CR¹⁸—SiR¹⁹R²⁰R²¹, wherein R¹⁷ is hydrogen, F, or Cl; R¹⁸ is hydrogen, F, Cl, C₁-C₄ alkyl, or C₁-C₄ haloalkyl; and R¹⁹, R²⁰, and R²¹ are independently C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, phenyl, substituted phenyl, C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy, or OH;

R³ and R⁴ are independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₃-C₆ alkenyl, C₃-C₆ haloalkenyl, C₃-C₆ alkynyl, formyl, C₁-C₃ alkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₃ haloalkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxycarbonyl, C₁-C₆ alkylcarbamyl, C₁-C₆ alkylsulfonyl, C₁-C₆ trialkylsilyl, C₁-C₆ dialkylphosphonyl, or R³ and R⁴ taken together with N is a 5- or 6-membered saturated ring, or R³ and R⁴ taken together represent ═CR^(3′)(R^(4′)), wherein R^(3′) and R^(4′) are independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₆ alkenyl, C₃-C₆ alkynyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy or C₁-C₆ alkylamino, or, R^(3′) and R^(4′) taken together with ═C represent a 5- or 6-membered saturated ring;

A is A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, A7, A8, A9, A10, A11, A12, A13, A14, A15, A16, A17, A18, A19, A20, A21, A22, A23, A24, A25, A26, A27, A28, A29, A30, A31, A32, A33, A34, A35, or A36;

R⁵ is hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, cyclopropyl, halocyclopropyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ haloalkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, C₁-C₃ alkoxy, C₁-C₃ haloalkoxy, C₁-C₃ alkylthio, C₁-C₃ haloalkylthio, amino, C₁-C₄ alkylamino, C₂-C₄ haloalkylamino, OH, or CN;

R⁶, R^(6′), and R^(6″) are independently hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, cyclopropyl, halocyclopropyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ haloalkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, C₁-C₃ alkoxy, C₁-C₃ haloalkoxy, C₁-C₃ alkylthio, C₁-C₃ haloalkylthio, amino, C₁-C₄ alkylamino or C₂-C₄ haloalkylamino, OH, CN, or NO₂;

R⁷ and R^(7′) are independently hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, cyclopropyl, halocyclopropyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ haloalkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, C₁-C₃ alkoxy, C₁-C₃ haloalkoxy, C₁-C₃ alkylthio, C₁-C₃ haloalkylthio, amino, C₁-C₄ alkylamino, C₂-C₄ haloalkylamino, or phenyl; and

R⁸ is hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₃-C₆ alkenyl, C₃-C₆ haloalkenyl, C₃-C₆ alkynyl, formyl, C₁-C₃ alkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₃ haloalkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxycarbonyl, C₁-C₆ alkylcarbamyl, C₁-C₆ alkylsulfonyl, C₁-C₆ trialkylsilyl, or phenyl;

or an agriculturally acceptable N-oxide or salt thereof,

with the proviso that the pyridine carboxylic acid herbicide is not a compound defined by Formula (I)

wherein

X is N, CH, CF, CCl, or CBr;

R¹ is OR^(1′), wherein R^(1′) is hydrogen or C₁-C₄ alkyl;

R² is chlorine;

R³ and R⁴ are hydrogen;

A is A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, A7, A8, A9, A10, A11, A12, A13, A14, A15, A16, A17, A18, A19, or A20;

R⁵ is hydrogen, halogen, OH, amino, CN, C₁-C₃ alkyl, C₁-C₃ alkoxy, C₁-C₃ alkylamino, or cyclopropyl;

R⁶, R^(6′), and R^(6″) are independently hydrogen, halogen, OH, NH₂, CN, C₁-C₃ alkyl, C₁-C₃ alkoxy, cyclopropyl, or vinyl;

R⁷ and R^(7′) are independently hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₃ alkyl, C₁-C₃ alkoxy, C₁-C₃ alkylthio, cyclopropyl, C₁-C₃ alkylamino, or phenyl; and

R⁸ is hydrogen, C₁-C₃ alkyl, phenyl, or C₁-C₃ alkylcarbonyl;

or an agriculturally acceptable N-oxide or salt thereof.

In some of these embodiments, R¹ is OR¹. In some of these embodiments, X is CF. In some of these embodiments, A is A15. In some of these embodiments, R⁵ is F.

In some embodiments:

X is CY, wherein Y is C₁-C₃ alkyl, C₁-C₃ haloalkyl, C₁-C₃ alkoxy, C₁-C₃ haloalkoxy, C₁-C₃ alkylthio, or C₁-C₃ haloalkylthio;

R¹ is OR^(1′) or NR^(1″)R^(1′″), wherein R^(1′) is hydrogen, C₁-C₈ alkyl, or C₇-C₁₀ arylalkyl, and R^(1″) and R^(1′) are independently hydrogen, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, C₃-C₁₂ alkenyl, or C₃-C₁₂ alkynyl;

R² is halogen, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ haloalkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, C₁-C₄ alkoxy, C₁-C₄ haloalkoxy, C₁-C₄ alkylthio, C₁-C₄ haloalkylthio, amino, C₁-C₄ alkylamino, C₂-C₄ haloalkylamino, formyl, C₁-C₃ alkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₃ haloalkylcarbonyl, cyano, or a group of the formula —CR¹⁷═CR¹⁸—SiR¹⁹R²⁰R²¹, wherein R¹⁷ is hydrogen, F, or Cl; R¹⁸ is hydrogen, F, Cl, C₁-C₄ alkyl, or C₁-C₄ haloalkyl; and R¹⁹, R²⁰, and R²¹ are independently C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, phenyl, substituted phenyl, C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy, or OH;

R³ and R⁴ are independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₃-C₆ alkenyl, C₃-C₆ haloalkenyl, C₃-C₆ alkynyl, formyl, C₁-C₃ alkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₃ haloalkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxycarbonyl, C₁-C₆ alkylcarbamyl, C₁-C₆ alkylsulfonyl, C₁-C₆ trialkylsilyl, C₁-C₆ dialkylphosphonyl, or R³ and R⁴ taken together with N is a 5- or 6-membered saturated ring, or R³ and R⁴ taken together represent ═CR^(3′)(R^(4′)), wherein R^(3′) and R^(4′) are independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₆ alkenyl, C₃-C₆ alkynyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy or C₁-C₆ alkylamino, or, R^(3′) and R^(4′) taken together with ═C represent a 5- or 6-membered saturated ring;

A is A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, A7, A8, A9, A10, A11, A12, A13, A14, A15, A16, A17, A18, A19, A20, A21, A22, A23, A24, A25, A26, A27, A28, A29, A30, A31, A32, A33, A34, A35, or A36;

R⁵ is hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, cyclopropyl, halocyclopropyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ haloalkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, C₁-C₃ alkoxy, C₁-C₃ haloalkoxy, C₁-C₃ alkylthio, C₁-C₃ haloalkylthio, amino, C₁-C₄ alkylamino, C₂-C₄ haloalkylamino, OH, or CN;

R⁶, R^(6′), and R^(6″) are independently hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, cyclopropyl, halocyclopropyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ haloalkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, C₁-C₃ alkoxy, C₁-C₃ haloalkoxy, C₁-C₃ alkylthio, C₁-C₃ haloalkylthio, amino, C₁-C₄ alkylamino or C₂-C₄ haloalkylamino, OH, CN, or NO₂;

R⁷ and R^(7′) are independently hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, cyclopropyl, halocyclopropyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ haloalkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, C₁-C₃ alkoxy, C₁-C₃ haloalkoxy, C₁-C₃ alkylthio, C₁-C₃ haloalkylthio, amino, C₁-C₄ alkylamino, C₂-C₄ haloalkylamino, or phenyl; and

R⁸ is hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₃-C₆ alkenyl, C₃-C₆ haloalkenyl, C₃-C₆ alkynyl, formyl, C₁-C₃ alkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₃ haloalkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxycarbonyl, C₁-C₆ alkylcarbamyl, C₁-C₆ alkylsulfonyl, C₁-C₆ trialkylsilyl, or phenyl.

In some of these embodiments, R¹ is OR¹. In some of these embodiments, A is A15. In some of these embodiments, R⁵ is F.

In some embodiments:

X is N or CY, wherein Y is hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₃ alkyl, C₁-C₃ haloalkyl, C₁-C₃ alkoxy, C₁-C₃ haloalkoxy, C₁-C₃ alkylthio, or C₁-C₃ haloalkylthio;

R¹ is OR^(1′) or NR^(1″)R^(1′″), wherein R^(1′) is C₅-C₈ alkyl, or C₇-C₁₀ arylalkyl, and R^(1″) and R^(1′″) are independently hydrogen, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, C₃-C₁₂ alkenyl, or C₃-C₁₂ alkynyl;

R² is halogen, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ haloalkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, C₁-C₄ alkoxy, C₁-C₄ haloalkoxy, C₁-C₄ alkylthio, C₁-C₄ haloalkylthio, amino, C₁-C₄ alkylamino, C₂-C₄ haloalkylamino, formyl, C₁-C₃ alkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₃ haloalkylcarbonyl, cyano, or a group of the formula —CR¹⁷═CR¹⁸—SiR¹⁹R²⁰R²¹, wherein R¹⁷ is hydrogen, F, or Cl; R¹⁸ is hydrogen, F, Cl, C₁-C₄ alkyl, or C₁-C₄ haloalkyl; and R¹⁹, R²⁰, and R²¹ are independently C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, phenyl, substituted phenyl, C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy, or OH;

R³ and R⁴ are independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₃-C₆ alkenyl, C₃-C₆ haloalkenyl, C₃-C₆ alkynyl, formyl, C₁-C₃ alkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₃ haloalkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxycarbonyl, C₁-C₆ alkylcarbamyl, C₁-C₆ alkylsulfonyl, C₁-C₆ trialkylsilyl, C₁-C₆ dialkylphosphonyl, or R³ and R⁴ taken together with N is a 5- or 6-membered saturated ring, or R³ and R⁴ taken together represent ═CR^(3′)(R^(4′)), wherein R^(3′) and R^(4′) are independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₆ alkenyl, C₃-C₆ alkynyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy or C₁-C₆ alkylamino, or, R^(3′) and R^(4′) taken together with ═C represent a 5- or 6-membered saturated ring;

A is A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, A7, A8, A9, A10, A11, A12, A13, A14, A15, A16, A17, A18, A19, A20, A21, A22, A23, A24, A25, A26, A27, A28, A29, A30, A31, A32, A33, A34, A35, or A36;

R⁵ is hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, cyclopropyl, halocyclopropyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ haloalkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, C₁-C₃ alkoxy, C₁-C₃ haloalkoxy, C₁-C₃ alkylthio, C₁-C₃ haloalkylthio, amino, C₁-C₄ alkylamino, C₂-C₄ haloalkylamino, OH, or CN;

R⁶, R^(6′), and R^(6″) are independently hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, cyclopropyl, halocyclopropyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ haloalkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, C₁-C₃ alkoxy, C₁-C₃ haloalkoxy, C₁-C₃ alkylthio, C₁-C₃ haloalkylthio, amino, C₁-C₄ alkylamino or C₂-C₄ halo alkylamino, OH, CN, or NO₂;

R⁷ and R^(7′) are independently hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, cyclopropyl, halocyclopropyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ haloalkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, C₁-C₃ alkoxy, C₁-C₃ haloalkoxy, C₁-C₃ alkylthio, C₁-C₃ haloalkylthio, amino, C₁-C₄ alkylamino, C₂-C₄ haloalkylamino, or phenyl;

R⁸ is hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₃-C₆ alkenyl, C₃-C₆ haloalkenyl, C₃-C₆ alkynyl, formyl, C₁-C₃ alkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₃ haloalkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxycarbonyl, C₁-C₆ alkylcarbamyl, C₁-C₆ alkylsulfonyl, C₁-C₆ trialkylsilyl, or phenyl;

In some of these embodiments, R¹ is OR¹. In some of these embodiments, X is CF. In some of these embodiments, A is A15. In some of these embodiments, R⁵ is F.

In some embodiments:

X is N or CY, wherein Y is hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₃ alkyl, C₁-C₃ haloalkyl, C₁-C₃ alkoxy, C₁-C₃ haloalkoxy, C₁-C₃ alkylthio, or C₁-C₃ haloalkylthio;

R¹ is OR^(1′) or NR^(1″)R^(1′″), wherein R^(1′) is hydrogen, C₁-C₈ alkyl, or C₇-C₁₀ arylalkyl, and R^(1″) and R^(1′″) are independently hydrogen, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, C₃-C₁₂ alkenyl, or C₃-C₁₂ alkynyl;

R² is F, Br, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ haloalkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, C₁-C₄ alkoxy, C₁-C₄ haloalkoxy, C₁-C₄ alkylthio, C₁-C₄ haloalkylthio, amino, C₁-C₄ alkylamino, C₂-C₄ haloalkylamino, formyl, C₁-C₃ alkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₃ haloalkylcarbonyl, cyano, or a group of the formula —CR¹⁷═CR¹⁸—SiR¹⁹R²⁰R²¹, wherein R¹⁷ is hydrogen, F, or Cl; R¹⁸ is hydrogen, F, Cl, C₁-C₄ alkyl, or C₁-C₄ haloalkyl; and R¹⁹, R²⁰, and R²¹ are independently C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, phenyl, substituted phenyl, C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy, or OH;

R³ and R⁴ are independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₃-C₆ alkenyl, C₃-C₆ haloalkenyl, C₃-C₆ alkynyl, formyl, C₁-C₃ alkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₃ haloalkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxycarbonyl, C₁-C₆ alkylcarbamyl, C₁-C₆ alkylsulfonyl, C₁-C₆ trialkylsilyl, C₁-C₆ dialkylphosphonyl, or R³ and R⁴ taken together with N is a 5- or 6-membered saturated ring, or R³ and R⁴ taken together represent ═CR^(3′)(R^(4′)), wherein R^(3′) and R^(4′) are independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₆ alkenyl, C₃-C₆ alkynyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy or C₁-C₆ alkylamino, or, R^(3′) and R^(4′) taken together with ═C represent a 5- or 6-membered saturated ring;

A is A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, A7, A8, A9, A10, A11, A12, A13, A14, A15, A16, A17, A18, A19, A20, A21, A22, A23, A24, A25, A26, A27, A28, A29, A30, A31, A32, A33, A34, A35, or A36;

R⁵ is hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, cyclopropyl, halocyclopropyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ haloalkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, C₁-C₃ alkoxy, C₁-C₃ haloalkoxy, C₁-C₃ alkylthio, C₁-C₃ haloalkylthio, amino, C₁-C₄ alkylamino, C₂-C₄ haloalkylamino, OH, or CN;

R⁶, R^(6′), and R^(6″) are independently hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, cyclopropyl, halocyclopropyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ haloalkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, C₁-C₃ alkoxy, C₁-C₃ haloalkoxy, C₁-C₃ alkylthio, C₁-C₃ haloalkylthio, amino, C₁-C₄ alkylamino or C₂-C₄ halo alkylamino, OH, CN, or NO₂;

R⁷ and R^(7′) are independently hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, cyclopropyl, halocyclopropyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ haloalkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, C₁-C₃ alkoxy, C₁-C₃ haloalkoxy, C₁-C₃ alkylthio, C₁-C₃ haloalkylthio, amino, C₁-C₄ alkylamino, C₂-C₄ haloalkylamino, or phenyl; and

R⁸ is hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₃-C₆ alkenyl, C₃-C₆ haloalkenyl, C₃-C₆ alkynyl, formyl, C₁-C₃ alkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₃ haloalkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxycarbonyl, C₁-C₆ alkylcarbamyl, C₁-C₆ alkylsulfonyl, C₁-C₆ trialkylsilyl, or phenyl.

In some of these embodiments, R¹ is OR¹. In some of these embodiments, X is CF. In some of these embodiments, A is A15. In some of these embodiments, R⁵ is F.

In some embodiments:

X is N or CY, wherein Y is hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₃ alkyl, C₁-C₃ haloalkyl, C₁-C₃ alkoxy, C₁-C₃ haloalkoxy, C₁-C₃ alkylthio, or C₁-C₃ haloalkylthio;

R¹ is OR^(1′) or NR^(1″)R^(1′″), wherein R^(1′) is hydrogen, C₁-C₈ alkyl, or C₇-C₁₀ arylalkyl, and R^(1″) and R^(1′″) are independently hydrogen, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, C₃-C₁₂ alkenyl, or C₃-C₁₂ alkynyl;

R² is halogen, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ haloalkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, C₁-C₄ alkoxy, C₁-C₄ haloalkoxy, C₁-C₄ alkylthio, C₁-C₄ haloalkylthio, amino, C₁-C₄ alkylamino, C₂-C₄ haloalkylamino, formyl, C₁-C₃ alkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₃ haloalkylcarbonyl, cyano, or a group of the formula —CR¹⁷═CR¹⁸—SiR¹⁹R²⁰R²¹, wherein R¹⁷ is hydrogen, F, or Cl; R¹⁸ is hydrogen, F, Cl, C₁-C₄ alkyl, or C₁-C₄ haloalkyl; and R¹⁹, R²⁰, and R²¹ are independently C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, phenyl, substituted phenyl, C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy, or OH;

R³ and R⁴ are independently C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₃-C₆ alkenyl, C₃-C₆ haloalkenyl, C₃-C₆ alkynyl, formyl, C₁-C₃ alkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₃ haloalkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxycarbonyl, C₁-C₆ alkylcarbamyl, C₁-C₆ alkylsulfonyl, C₁-C₆ trialkylsilyl, C₁-C₆ dialkylphosphonyl, or R³ and R⁴ taken together with N is a 5- or 6-membered saturated ring, or R³ and R⁴ taken together represent ═CR^(3′)(R^(4′)), wherein R^(3′) and R^(4′) are independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₆ alkenyl, C₃-C₆ alkynyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy or C₁-C₆ alkylamino, or, R^(3′) and R^(4′) taken together with ═C represent a 5- or 6-membered saturated ring;

A is A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, A7, A8, A9, A10, A11, A12, A13, A14, A15, A16, A17, A18, A19, A20, A21, A22, A23, A24, A25, A26, A27, A28, A29, A30, A31, A32, A33, A34, A35, or A36;

R⁵ is hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, cyclopropyl, halocyclopropyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ haloalkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, C₁-C₃ alkoxy, C₁-C₃ haloalkoxy, C₁-C₃ alkylthio, C₁-C₃ haloalkylthio, amino, C₁-C₄ alkylamino, C₂-C₄ haloalkylamino, OH, or CN;

R⁶, R^(6′), and R^(6″) are independently hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, cyclopropyl, halocyclopropyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ haloalkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, C₁-C₃ alkoxy, C₁-C₃ haloalkoxy, C₁-C₃ alkylthio, C₁-C₃ haloalkylthio, amino, C₁-C₄ alkylamino or C₂-C₄ halo alkylamino, OH, CN, or NO₂;

R⁷ and R^(7′) are independently hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, cyclopropyl, halocyclopropyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ haloalkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, C₁-C₃ alkoxy, C₁-C₃ haloalkoxy, C₁-C₃ alkylthio, C₁-C₃ haloalkylthio, amino, C₁-C₄ alkylamino, C₂-C₄ haloalkylamino, or phenyl; and

R⁸ is hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₃-C₆ alkenyl, C₃-C₆ haloalkenyl, C₃-C₆ alkynyl, formyl, C₁-C₃ alkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₃ haloalkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxycarbonyl, C₁-C₆ alkylcarbamyl, C₁-C₆ alkylsulfonyl, C₁-C₆ trialkylsilyl, or phenyl.

In some of these embodiments, R¹ is OR¹. In some of these embodiments, X is CF. In some of these embodiments, A is A15. In some of these embodiments, R⁵ is F.

In some embodiments:

X is N or CY, wherein Y is hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₃ alkyl, C₁-C₃ haloalkyl, C₁-C₃ alkoxy, C₁-C₃ haloalkoxy, C₁-C₃ alkylthio, or C₁-C₃ haloalkylthio;

R¹ is OR^(1′) or NR^(1″)R^(1′″), wherein R^(1′) is hydrogen, C₁-C₈ alkyl, or C₇-C₁₀ arylalkyl, and R^(1″) and R^(1′″) are independently hydrogen, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, C₃-C₁₂ alkenyl, or C₃-C₁₂ alkynyl;

R² is halogen, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ haloalkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, C₁-C₄ alkoxy, C₁-C₄ haloalkoxy, C₁-C₄ alkylthio, C₁-C₄ haloalkylthio, amino, C₁-C₄ alkylamino, C₂-C₄ haloalkylamino, formyl, C₁-C₃ alkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₃ haloalkylcarbonyl, cyano, or a group of the formula —CR¹²═CR¹⁸—SiR¹⁹R²⁰R²¹, wherein R¹⁷ is hydrogen, F, or Cl; R¹⁸ is hydrogen, F, Cl, C₁-C₄ alkyl, or C₁-C₄ haloalkyl; and R¹⁹, R²⁰, and R²¹ are independently C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, phenyl, substituted phenyl, C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy, or OH;

R³ and R⁴ are independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₃-C₆ alkenyl, C₃-C₆ haloalkenyl, C₃-C₆ alkynyl, formyl, C₁-C₃ alkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₃ haloalkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxycarbonyl, C₁-C₆ alkylcarbamyl, C₁-C₆ alkylsulfonyl, C₁-C₆ trialkylsilyl, C₁-C₆ dialkylphosphonyl, or R³ and R⁴ taken together with N is a 5- or 6-membered saturated ring, or R³ and R⁴ taken together represent ═CR^(3′)(R^(4′)), wherein R^(3′) and R^(4′) are independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₆ alkenyl, C₃-C₆ alkynyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy or C₁-C₆ alkylamino, or, R^(3′) and R^(4′) taken together with ═C represent a 5- or 6-membered saturated ring;

A is A21, A22, A23, A24, A25, A26, A27, A28, A29, A30, A31, A32, A33, A34, A35, or A36;

R⁵ is hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, cyclopropyl, halocyclopropyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ haloalkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, C₁-C₃ alkoxy, C₁-C₃ haloalkoxy, C₁-C₃ alkylthio, C₁-C₃ haloalkylthio, amino, C₁-C₄ alkylamino, C₂-C₄ haloalkylamino, OH, or CN;

R⁶, R^(6′), and R^(6″) are independently hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, cyclopropyl, halocyclopropyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ haloalkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, C₁-C₃ alkoxy, C₁-C₃ haloalkoxy, C₁-C₃ alkylthio, C₁-C₃ haloalkylthio, amino, C₁-C₄ alkylamino or C₂-C₄ halo alkylamino, OH, CN, or NO₂;

R⁷ and R^(7′) are independently hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, cyclopropyl, halocyclopropyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ haloalkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, C₁-C₃ alkoxy, C₁-C₃ haloalkoxy, C₁-C₃ alkylthio, C₁-C₃ haloalkylthio, amino, C₁-C₄ alkylamino, C₂-C₄ haloalkylamino, or phenyl; and

R⁸ is hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₃-C₆ alkenyl, C₃-C₆ haloalkenyl, C₃-C₆ alkynyl, formyl, C₁-C₃ alkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₃ haloalkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxycarbonyl, C₁-C₆ alkylcarbamyl, C₁-C₆ alkylsulfonyl, C₁-C₆ trialkylsilyl, or phenyl.

In some of these embodiments, R¹ is OR¹. In some of these embodiments, X is CF. In some of these embodiments, R⁵ is F.

In some embodiments:

X is N or CY, wherein Y is hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₃ alkyl, C₁-C₃ haloalkyl, C₁-C₃ alkoxy, C₁-C₃ haloalkoxy, C₁-C₃ alkylthio, or C₁-C₃ haloalkylthio;

R¹ is OR^(1′) or NR^(1″)R^(1′″), wherein R^(1′) is hydrogen, C₁-C₈ alkyl, or C₇-C₁₀ arylalkyl, and R^(1″) and R^(1′″) are independently hydrogen, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, C₃-C₁₂ alkenyl, or C₃-C₁₂ alkynyl;

R² is halogen, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ haloalkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, C₁-C₄ alkoxy, C₁-C₄ haloalkoxy, C₁-C₄ alkylthio, C₁-C₄ haloalkylthio, amino, C₁-C₄ alkylamino, C₂-C₄ haloalkylamino, formyl, C₁-C₃ alkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₃ haloalkylcarbonyl, cyano, or a group of the formula —CR¹⁷═CR¹⁸—SiR¹⁹R²⁰R²¹, wherein R¹⁷ is hydrogen, F, or Cl; R¹⁸ is hydrogen, F, Cl, C₁-C₄ alkyl, or C₁-C₄ haloalkyl; and R¹⁹, R²⁰, and R²¹ are independently C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, phenyl, substituted phenyl, C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy, or OH;

R³ and R⁴ are independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₃-C₆ alkenyl, C₃-C₆ haloalkenyl, C₃-C₆ alkynyl, formyl, C₁-C₃ alkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₃ haloalkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxycarbonyl, C₁-C₆ alkylcarbamyl, C₁-C₆ alkylsulfonyl, C₁-C₆ trialkylsilyl, C₁-C₆ dialkylphosphonyl, or R³ and R⁴ taken together with N is a 5- or 6-membered saturated ring, or R³ and R⁴ taken together represent ═CR^(3′)(R^(4′)), wherein R^(3′) and R^(4′) are independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₆ alkenyl, C₃-C₆ alkynyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy or C₁-C₆ alkylamino, or, R^(3′) and R^(4′) taken together with ═C represent a 5- or 6-membered saturated ring;

A is A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, A7, A8, A9, A10, A11, A12, A13, A14, A15, A16, A17, A18, A19, or A20;

R⁵ is C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, halocyclopropyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ haloalkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, C₁-C₃ haloalkoxy, C₁-C₃ alkylthio, C₁-C₃ haloalkylthio, C₁-C₄ alkylamino, or C₂-C₄ haloalkylamino;

R⁶, R^(6′), and R^(6″) are independently hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, cyclopropyl, halocyclopropyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ haloalkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, C₁-C₃ alkoxy, C₁-C₃ haloalkoxy, C₁-C₃ alkylthio, C₁-C₃ haloalkylthio, amino, C₁-C₄ alkylamino or C₂-C₄ halo alkylamino, OH, CN, or NO₂;

R⁷ and R^(7′) are independently hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, cyclopropyl, halocyclopropyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ haloalkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, C₁-C₃ alkoxy, C₁-C₃ haloalkoxy, C₁-C₃ alkylthio, C₁-C₃ haloalkylthio, amino, C₁-C₄ alkylamino, C₂-C₄ haloalkylamino, or phenyl; and

R⁸ is hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₃-C₆ alkenyl, C₃-C₆ haloalkenyl, C₃-C₆ alkynyl, formyl, C₁-C₃ alkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₃ haloalkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxycarbonyl, C₁-C₆ alkylcarbamyl, C₁-C₆ alkylsulfonyl, C₁-C₆ trialkylsilyl, or phenyl.

In some of these embodiments, R¹ is OR¹. In some of these embodiments, X is CF. In some of these embodiments, A is A15. In some of these embodiments, R⁵ is F.

In some embodiments:

X is N or CY, wherein Y is hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₃ alkyl, C₁-C₃ haloalkyl, C₁-C₃ alkoxy, C₁-C₃ haloalkoxy, C₁-C₃ alkylthio, or C₁-C₃ haloalkylthio;

R¹ is OR^(1′) or NR^(1″)R^(1′″), wherein R^(1′) is hydrogen, C₁-C₈ alkyl, or C₇-C₁₀ arylalkyl, and R^(1″) and R^(1′″) are independently hydrogen, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, C₃-C₁₂ alkenyl, or C₃-C₁₂ alkynyl; R² is halogen, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ haloalkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, C₁-C₄ alkoxy, C₁-C₄ haloalkoxy, C₁-C₄ alkylthio, C₁-C₄ haloalkylthio, amino, C₁-C₄ alkylamino, C₂-C₄ haloalkylamino, formyl, C₁-C₃ alkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₃ haloalkylcarbonyl, cyano, or a group of the formula —CR¹⁷═CR¹⁸—SiR¹⁹R²⁰R²¹, wherein R¹⁷ is hydrogen, F, or Cl; R¹⁸ is hydrogen, F, Cl, C₁-C₄ alkyl, or C₁-C₄ haloalkyl; and R¹⁹, R²⁰, and R²¹ are independently C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, phenyl, substituted phenyl, C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy, or OH;

R³ and R⁴ are independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₃-C₆ alkenyl, C₃-C₆ haloalkenyl, C₃-C₆ alkynyl, formyl, C₁-C₃ alkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₃ haloalkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxycarbonyl, C₁-C₆ alkylcarbamyl, C₁-C₆ alkylsulfonyl, C₁-C₆ trialkylsilyl, C₁-C₆ dialkylphosphonyl, or R³ and R⁴ taken together with N is a 5- or 6-membered saturated ring, or R³ and R⁴ taken together represent ═CR^(3′)(R^(4′)), wherein R^(3′) and R^(4′) are independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₆ alkenyl, C₃-C₆ alkynyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy or C₁-C₆ alkylamino, or, R^(3′) and R^(4′) taken together with ═C represent a 5- or 6-membered saturated ring;

A is A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, A7, A8, A9, A10, A11, A12, A13, A14, A15, A16, A17, A18, A19, or A20;

R⁵ is hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, cyclopropyl, halocyclopropyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ haloalkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, C₁-C₃ alkoxy, C₁-C₃ haloalkoxy, C₁-C₃ alkylthio, C₁-C₃ haloalkylthio, amino, C₁-C₄ alkylamino, C₂-C₄ haloalkylamino, OH, or CN;

R⁶, R^(6′), and R^(6″) are independently C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, halocyclopropyl, C₃-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ haloalkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, C₁-C₃ haloalkoxy, C₁-C₃ alkylthio, C₁-C₃ haloalkylthio, C₁-C₄ alkylamino or C₂-C₄ haloalkylamino, or NO₂;

R⁷ and R^(7′) are independently hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, cyclopropyl, halocyclopropyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ haloalkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, C₁-C₃ alkoxy, C₁-C₃ haloalkoxy, C₁-C₃ alkylthio, C₁-C₃ haloalkylthio, amino, C₁-C₄ alkylamino, C₂-C₄ haloalkylamino, or phenyl; and

R⁸ is hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₃-C₆ alkenyl, C₃-C₆ haloalkenyl, C₃-C₆ alkynyl, formyl, C₁-C₃ alkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₃ haloalkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxycarbonyl, C₁-C₆ alkylcarbamyl, C₁-C₆ alkylsulfonyl, C₁-C₆ trialkylsilyl, or phenyl.

In some of these embodiments, R¹ is OR¹. In some of these embodiments, X is CF. In some of these embodiments, A is A15. In some of these embodiments, R⁵ is F.

In some embodiments:

X is N or CY, wherein Y is hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₃ alkyl, C₁-C₃ haloalkyl, C₁-C₃ alkoxy, C₁-C₃ haloalkoxy, C₁-C₃ alkylthio, or C₁-C₃ haloalkylthio;

R¹ is OR^(1′) or NR^(1″)R^(1′″), wherein R^(1′) is hydrogen, C₁-C₈ alkyl, or C₇-C₁₀ arylalkyl, and R^(1″) and R^(1′″) are independently hydrogen, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, C₃-C₁₂ alkenyl, or C₃-C₁₂ alkynyl;

R² is halogen, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ haloalkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, C₁-C₄ alkoxy, C₁-C₄ haloalkoxy, C₁-C₄ alkylthio, C₁-C₄ haloalkylthio, amino, C₁-C₄ alkylamino, C₂-C₄ haloalkylamino, formyl, C₁-C₃ alkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₃ haloalkylcarbonyl, cyano, or a group of the formula —CR¹⁷═CR¹⁸—SiR¹⁹R²⁰R²¹, wherein R¹⁷ is hydrogen, F, or Cl; R¹⁸ is hydrogen, F, Cl, C₁-C₄ alkyl, or C₁-C₄ haloalkyl; and R¹⁹, R²⁰, and R²¹ are independently C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, phenyl, substituted phenyl, C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy, or OH;

R³ and R⁴ are independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₃-C₆ alkenyl, C₃-C₆ haloalkenyl, C₃-C₆ alkynyl, formyl, C₁-C₃ alkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₃ haloalkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxycarbonyl, C₁-C₆ alkylcarbamyl, C₁-C₆ alkylsulfonyl, C₁-C₆ trialkylsilyl, C₁-C₆ dialkylphosphonyl, or R³ and R⁴ taken together with N is a 5- or 6-membered saturated ring, or R³ and R⁴ taken together represent ═CR^(3′)(R^(4′)), wherein R^(3′) and R^(4′) are independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₆ alkenyl, C₃-C₆ alkynyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy or C₁-C₆ alkylamino, or, R^(3′) and R^(4′) taken together with ═C represent a 5- or 6-membered saturated ring;

A is A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, A7, A8, A9, A10, A11, A12, A13, A14, A15, A16, A17, or A18;

R⁵ is hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, cyclopropyl, halocyclopropyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ haloalkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, C₁-C₃ alkoxy, C₁-C₃ haloalkoxy, C₁-C₃ alkylthio, C₁-C₃ haloalkylthio, amino, C₁-C₄ alkylamino, C₂-C₄ haloalkylamino, OH, or CN;

R⁶, R^(6′), and R^(6″) are independently hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, cyclopropyl, halocyclopropyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ haloalkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, C₁-C₃ alkoxy, C₁-C₃ haloalkoxy, C₁-C₃ alkylthio, C₁-C₃ haloalkylthio, amino, C₁-C₄ alkylamino or C₂-C₄ halo alkylamino, OH, CN, or NO₂;

R⁷ and R^(7′) are independently C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, halocyclopropyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ haloalkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, C₁-C₃ haloalkoxy, C₁-C₃ haloalkylthio, amino, C₁-C₄ alkylamino, or C₂-C₄ haloalkylamino; and

R⁸ is hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₃-C₆ alkenyl, C₃-C₆ haloalkenyl, C₃-C₆ alkynyl, formyl, C₁-C₃ alkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₃ haloalkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxycarbonyl, C₁-C₆ alkylcarbamyl, C₁-C₆ alkylsulfonyl, C₁-C₆ trialkylsilyl, or phenyl.

In some of these embodiments, R¹ is OR¹. In some of these embodiments, X is CF. In some of these embodiments, A is A15. In some of these embodiments, R⁵ is F.

In some embodiments:

X is N or CY, wherein Y is hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₃ alkyl, C₁-C₃ haloalkyl, C₁-C₃ alkoxy, C₁-C₃ haloalkoxy, C₁-C₃ alkylthio, or C₁-C₃ haloalkylthio;

R¹ is OR^(1′) or NR^(1″)R^(1′″), wherein R^(1′) is hydrogen, C₁-C₈ alkyl, or C₇-C₁₀ arylalkyl, and R^(1″) and R^(1′″) are independently hydrogen, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, C₃-C₁₂ alkenyl, or C₃-C₁₂ alkynyl;

R² is halogen, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ haloalkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, C₁-C₄ alkoxy, C₁-C₄ haloalkoxy, C₁-C₄ alkylthio, C₁-C₄ haloalkylthio, amino, C₁-C₄ alkylamino, C₂-C₄ haloalkylamino, formyl, C₁-C₃ alkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₃ haloalkylcarbonyl, cyano, or a group of the formula —CR¹⁷═CR¹⁸—SiR¹⁹R²⁰R²¹, wherein R¹⁷ is hydrogen, F, or Cl; R¹⁸ is hydrogen, F, Cl, C₁-C₄ alkyl, or C₁-C₄ haloalkyl; and R¹⁹, R²⁰, and R²¹ are independently C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, phenyl, substituted phenyl, C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy, or OH;

R³ and R⁴ are independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₃-C₆ alkenyl, C₃-C₆ haloalkenyl, C₃-C₆ alkynyl, formyl, C₁-C₃ alkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₃ haloalkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxycarbonyl, C₁-C₆ alkylcarbamyl, C₁-C₆ alkylsulfonyl, C₁-C₆ trialkylsilyl, C₁-C₆ dialkylphosphonyl, or R³ and R⁴ taken together with N is a 5- or 6-membered saturated ring, or R³ and R⁴ taken together represent ═CR^(3′)(R^(4′)), wherein R^(3′) and R^(4′) are independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₆ alkenyl, C₃-C₆ alkynyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy or C₁-C₆ alkylamino, or, R^(3′) and R^(4′) taken together with ═C represent a 5- or 6-membered saturated ring;

A is A3, A6, A11, A12, A15, A18, A19, or A20;

R⁵ is hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, cyclopropyl, halocyclopropyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ haloalkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, C₁-C₃ alkoxy, C₁-C₃ haloalkoxy, C₁-C₃ alkylthio, C₁-C₃ haloalkylthio, amino, C₁-C₄ alkylamino, C₂-C₄ haloalkylamino, OH, or CN;

R⁶, R^(6′), and R^(6″) are independently hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, cyclopropyl, halocyclopropyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ haloalkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, C₁-C₃ alkoxy, C₁-C₃ haloalkoxy, C₁-C₃ alkylthio, C₁-C₃ haloalkylthio, amino, C₁-C₄ alkylamino or C₂-C₄ halo alkylamino, OH, CN, or NO₂;

R⁷ and R^(7′) are independently hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, cyclopropyl, halocyclopropyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ haloalkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, C₁-C₃ alkoxy, C₁-C₃ haloalkoxy, C₁-C₃ alkylthio, C₁-C₃ haloalkylthio, amino, C₁-C₄ alkylamino, C₂-C₄ haloalkylamino, or phenyl; and

R⁸ is C₃-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₃-C₆ alkenyl, C₃-C₆ haloalkenyl, C₃-C₆ alkynyl, formyl, C₁-C₃ haloalkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxycarbonyl, C₁-C₆ alkylcarbamyl, C₁-C₆ alkylsulfonyl, or C₁-C₆ trialkylsilyl.

In some of these embodiments, R¹ is OR¹. In some of these embodiments, X is CF. In some of these embodiments, A is A15. In some of these embodiments, R⁵ is F.

In certain embodiments, the pyridine carboxylic acid herbicide can comprise a compound defined by Formula (II):

wherein

R¹ is OR^(1′) or NR^(1″)R^(1′″), wherein R^(1′) is hydrogen, C₁-C₈ alkyl, or C₇-C₁₀ arylalkyl, and R^(1″) and R^(1′″) are independently hydrogen, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, C₃-C₁₂ alkenyl, or C₃-C₁₂ alkynyl;

R² is halogen, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ haloalkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, C₁-C₄ alkoxy, C₁-C₄ haloalkoxy, C₁-C₄ alkylthio, C₁-C₄ haloalkylthio, amino, C₁-C₄ alkylamino, C₂-C₄ haloalkylamino, formyl, C₁-C₃ alkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₃ haloalkylcarbonyl, cyano, or a group of the formula —CR¹⁷═CR¹⁸—SiR¹⁹R²⁰R²¹, wherein R¹⁷ is hydrogen, F, or Cl; R¹⁸ is hydrogen, F, Cl, C₁-C₄ alkyl, or C₁-C₄ haloalkyl; and R¹⁹, R²⁰, and R²¹ are independently C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, phenyl, substituted phenyl, C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy, or OH;

R³ and R⁴ are independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₃-C₆ alkenyl, C₃-C₆ haloalkenyl, C₃-C₆ alkynyl, formyl, C₁-C₃ alkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₃ haloalkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxycarbonyl, C₁-C₆ alkylcarbamyl, C₁-C₆ alkylsulfonyl, C₁-C₆ trialkylsilyl, C₁-C₆ dialkylphosphonyl, or R³ and R⁴ taken together with N is a 5- or 6-membered saturated ring, or R³ and R⁴ taken together represent ═CR^(3′)(R^(4′)), wherein R^(3′) and R^(4′) are independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₆ alkenyl, C₃-C₆ alkynyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy or C₁-C₆ alkylamino, or, R^(3′) and R^(4′) taken together with ═C represent a 5- or 6-membered saturated ring;

A is A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, A7, A8, A9, A10, A11, A12, A13, A14, A15, A16, A17, A18, A19, A20, A21, A22, A23, A24, A25, A26, A27, A28, A29, A30, A31, A32, A33, A34, A35, or A36;

R⁵ is hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, cyclopropyl, halocyclopropyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ haloalkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, C₁-C₃ alkoxy, C₁-C₃ haloalkoxy, C₁-C₃ alkylthio, C₁-C₃ haloalkylthio, amino, C₁-C₄ alkylamino, C₂-C₄ haloalkylamino, OH, or CN;

R⁶, R^(6′), and R^(6″) are independently hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, cyclopropyl, halocyclopropyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ haloalkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, C₁-C₃ alkoxy, C₁-C₃ haloalkoxy, C₁-C₃ alkylthio, C₁-C₃ haloalkylthio, amino, C₁-C₄ alkylamino or C₂-C₄ halo alkylamino, OH, CN, or NO₂;

R⁷ and R^(7′) are independently hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, cyclopropyl, halocyclopropyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ haloalkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, C₁-C₃ alkoxy, C₁-C₃ haloalkoxy, C₁-C₃ alkylthio, C₁-C₃ haloalkylthio, amino, C₁-C₄ alkylamino, C₂-C₄ haloalkylamino, or phenyl; and

R⁸ is hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₃-C₆ alkenyl, C₃-C₆ haloalkenyl, C₃-C₆ alkynyl, formyl, C₁-C₃ alkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₃ haloalkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxycarbonyl, C₁-C₆ alkylcarbamyl, C₁-C₆ alkylsulfonyl, C₁-C₆ trialkylsilyl, or phenyl;

or an agriculturally acceptable N-oxide or salt thereof.

In some embodiments:

R¹ is OR^(1′), wherein R^(1′) is hydrogen, C₁-C₈ alkyl, or C₇-C₁₀ arylalkyl;

R² is halogen, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, C₂-C₄-alkenyl, C₂-C₄ haloalkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, C₁-C₄-alkoxy, C₁-C₄ haloalkoxy, C₁-C₄ alkylthio, or C₁-C₄ haloalkylthio;

R³ and R⁴ are hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₃-C₆ alkenyl, C₃-C₆ haloalkenyl, C₃-C₆ alkynyl, formyl, C₁-C₃ alkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₃ haloalkylcarbonyl, or R³ and R⁴ taken together represent ═CR^(3′)(R^(4′)), wherein R^(3′) and R^(4′) are independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₆ alkenyl, C₃-C₆ alkynyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy or C₁-C₆ alkylamino;

A is A1, A2, A3, A7, A8, A9, A10, A11, A12, A13, A14, A15, A21, A22, A23, A24, A27, A28, A29, A30, A31, or A32;

R⁵ is hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ haloalkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, C₁-C₃ alkoxy, C₁-C₃ haloalkoxy, C₁-C₃ alkylthio, C₁-C₃ haloalkylthio, amino, C₁-C₄ alkylamino, or C₂-C₄ haloalkylamino;

R⁶, R^(6′), and R^(6″) are independently hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, cyclopropyl, halocyclopropyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ haloalkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, C₁-C₃ alkoxy, C₁-C₃ haloalkoxy, CN, or NO₂;

R⁷ and R^(7′) are independently hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, C₁-C₃ alkoxy, C₁-C₃ haloalkoxy, C₁-C₃ alkylthio, cyclopropyl, amino or C₁-C₄ alkylamino; and

R⁸ is hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, C₃-C₆ alkenyl, C₃-C₆ haloalkenyl, formyl, C₁-C₃ alkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₃ haloalkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxycarbonyl, or C₁-C₆ alkylcarbamyl.

In some embodiments, R¹ is OR^(1′), wherein R^(1′) is hydrogen, C₁-C₈ alkyl, or C₇-C₁₀ arylalkyl.

In some embodiments, R² is halogen, C₂-C₄-alkenyl, C₂-C₄ haloalkenyl, or C₁-C₄-alkoxy. In certain embodiments, R² is Cl, methoxy, vinyl, or 1-propenyl. In some embodiments, R³ and R⁴ are hydrogen.

In some embodiments, A is A1, A2, A3, A7, A8, A9, A10, A13, A14, or A15. In certain embodiments, A is A1, A2, A3, A13, A14, or A15. In certain embodiments, A is A15.

In some embodiments, R⁵ is hydrogen or F. In certain embodiments, R⁵ is F. In certain embodiments, R⁵ is H.

In some embodiments, R⁶ is hydrogen or F. In certain embodiments, R⁶ is F. In certain embodiments, R⁶ is H. In some embodiments, R^(6″) is hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, cyclopropyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, CN, or NO₂. In certain embodiments, R⁶, R^(6′), and R^(6″) are all hydrogen.

In certain embodiments, R² is Cl, methoxy, vinyl, or 1-propenyl; R³ and R⁴ are hydrogen; A is A15; R⁵ is hydrogen or F; R⁶ is hydrogen or F; and R^(6″) is hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, cyclopropyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, CN, or NO₂.

In certain embodiments, the pyridine carboxylic acid herbicide can comprise a compound defined by Formula (III):

wherein

X is N or CY, wherein Y is hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₃ alkyl, C₁-C₃ haloalkyl, C₁-C₃ alkoxy, C₁-C₃ haloalkoxy, C₁-C₃ alkylthio or C₁-C₃ haloalkylthio;

R¹ is OR^(1′) or NR^(1″)R^(1′″), wherein R^(1′) is hydrogen, C₁-C₈ alkyl, or C₇-C₁₀ arylalkyl, and R^(1″) and R^(1′″) are independently hydrogen, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, C₃-C₁₂ alkenyl, or C₃-C₁₂ alkynyl;

R² is halogen, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ haloalkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, C₁-C₄ alkoxy, C₁-C₄ haloalkoxy, C₁-C₄ alkylthio, C₁-C₄ haloalkylthio, amino, C₁-C₄ alkylamino, C₂-C₄ haloalkylamino, formyl, C₁-C₃ alkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₃ haloalkylcarbonyl, cyano, or a group of the formula —CR¹⁷═CR¹⁸—SiR¹⁹R²⁰R²¹, wherein R¹⁷ is hydrogen, F, or Cl; R¹⁸ is hydrogen, F, Cl, C₁-C₄ alkyl, or C₁-C₄ haloalkyl; and R¹⁹, R²⁰, and R²¹ are independently C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, phenyl, substituted phenyl, C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy, or OH;

R³ and R⁴ are independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₃-C₆ alkenyl, C₃-C₆ haloalkenyl, C₃-C₆ alkynyl, formyl, C₁-C₃ alkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₃ haloalkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxycarbonyl, C₁-C₆ alkylcarbamyl, C₁-C₆ alkylsulfonyl, C₁-C₆ trialkylsilyl, C₁-C₆ dialkylphosphonyl, or R³ and R⁴ taken together with N is a 5- or 6-membered saturated ring, or R³ and R⁴ taken together represent ═CR^(3′)(R^(4′)), wherein R^(3′) and R^(4′) are independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₆ alkenyl, C₃-C₆ alkynyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy or C₁-C₆ alkylamino, or, R^(3′) and R^(4′) taken together with ═C represent a 5- or 6-membered saturated ring;

R⁶ and R^(6′) are independently hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, cyclopropyl, halocyclopropyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ haloalkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, C₁-C₃ alkoxy, C₁-C₃ haloalkoxy, C₁-C₃ alkylthio, C₁-C₃ haloalkylthio, amino, C₁-C₄ alkylamino or C₂-C₄ haloalkylamino, OH, CN, or NO₂;

R⁷ and R^(7′) are independently hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, cyclopropyl, halocyclopropyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ haloalkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, C₁-C₃ alkoxy, C₁-C₃ haloalkoxy, C₁-C₃ alkylthio, C₁-C₃ haloalkylthio, amino, C₁-C₄ alkylamino, C₂-C₄ haloalkylamino, or phenyl; and

R⁸ is hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₃-C₆ alkenyl, C₃-C₆ haloalkenyl, C₃-C₆ alkynyl, formyl, C₁-C₃ alkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₃ haloalkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxycarbonyl, C₁-C₆ alkylcarbamyl, C₁-C₆ alkylsulfonyl, C₁-C₆ trialkylsilyl, or phenyl;

or an agriculturally acceptable N-oxide or salt thereof.

In some embodiments:

X is N, CH, CF, CCl, or CBr;

R¹ is OR^(1′), wherein R^(1′) is hydrogen, C₁-C₈ alkyl, or C₇-C₁₀ arylalkyl;

R² is halogen, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, C₂-C₄-alkenyl, C₂-C₄ haloalkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, C₁-C₄-alkoxy, C₁-C₄ haloalkoxy, C₁-C₄ alkylthio, or C₁-C₄ haloalkylthio;

R³ and R⁴ are hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₃-C₆ alkenyl, C₃-C₆ haloalkenyl, C₃-C₆ alkynyl, formyl, C₁-C₃ alkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₃ haloalkylcarbonyl, or R³ and R⁴ taken together represent ═CR^(3′)(R^(4′)), wherein R^(3′) and R^(4′) are independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₆ alkenyl, C₃-C₆ alkynyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy or C₁-C₆ alkylamino;

R⁶ and R^(6′) are independently hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, cyclopropyl, halocyclopropyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ haloalkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, C₁-C₃ alkoxy, C₁-C₃ haloalkoxy, CN, or NO₂;

R⁷ and R^(7′) are independently hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, C₁-C₃ alkoxy, C₁-C₃ haloalkoxy, C₁-C₃ alkylthio, cyclopropyl, amino or C₁-C₄ alkylamino; and

R⁸ is hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, C₃-C₆ alkenyl, C₃-C₆ haloalkenyl, formyl, C₁-C₃ alkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₃ haloalkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxycarbonyl, or C₁-C₆ alkylcarbamyl.

In some embodiments, X is N, CH or CF. In some embodiments, X is N. In some embodiments, X is CH. In some embodiments, X is CF. In other embodiments, X is C—CH₃.

In some embodiments, R² is halogen, C₂-C₄-alkenyl, C₂-C₄ haloalkenyl, or C₁-C₄-alkoxy. In certain embodiments, R² is Cl, methoxy, vinyl, or 1-propenyl. In some embodiments, R³ and R⁴ are hydrogen.

In some embodiments, R⁶ is hydrogen or F. In certain embodiments, R⁶ is F. In certain embodiments, R⁶ is H. In some embodiments, R^(6′) is hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, cyclopropyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, CN, or NO₂. In certain embodiments, R⁶ and R^(6′) are both hydrogen.

In certain embodiments, R⁷ and R^(7′) are both hydrogen.

In certain embodiments, R⁶, R^(6′), R⁷, and R^(7′) are all hydrogen.

In certain embodiments, X is CF, R¹ is OR^(1′), wherein R^(1′) is hydrogen, C₁-C₈ alkyl, or C₇-C₁₀ arylalkyl; R² is Cl, methoxy, vinyl, or 1-propenyl; R³ and R⁴ are hydrogen; R⁶ is hydrogen or F; and R^(6′) is hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, cyclopropyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, CN, or NO₂.

In certain embodiments, the pyridine carboxylic acid herbicide can comprise one of Compounds 1-24, the structures of which are shown in the table below.

Compound No. Structure 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

In certain embodiments, the pyridine carboxylic acid herbicide can comprise 4-amino-3-chloro-5-fluoro-6-(7-fluoro-1H-indol-6-yl) picolinic acid, or an agriculturally acceptable N-oxide, salt, or ester thereof.

In some embodiments, the pyridine carboxylic acid herbicide can be provided as an agriculturally acceptable salt. Exemplary agriculturally acceptable salts of the pyridine carboxylic acid herbicides of Formula (I) include, but are not limited to, sodium salts, potassium salts, ammonium salts or substituted ammonium salts, in particular mono-, di- and tri-C₁-C₈-alkylammonium salts such as methyl ammonium, dimethylammonium and isopropylammonium, mono-, di- and tri-hydroxy-C₂-C₈-alkylammonium salts such as hydroxyethylammonium, di(hydroxyethyl)ammonium, tri(hydroxyethyl)ammonium, hydroxypropylammonium, di(hydroxypropyl)ammonium and tri(hydroxypropyl)ammonium salts, olamine salts, diglycolamine salts, choline salts, and quaternary ammonium salts such as those represented by the formula R⁹R¹⁰R¹¹R¹²N⁺ and wherein R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹ and R¹² (e.g., R⁹-R¹²) each independently can represent hydrogen, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, C₂-C₈ alkenyl, C₂-C₈ alkynyl, C₁-C₈ alkoxy, C₁-C₈ alkylthio, or aryl groups, provided that R⁹-R¹² are sterically compatible.

In some embodiments, the pyridine carboxylic acid herbicide can be provided as an agriculturally acceptable ester. Suitable esters include, but are not limited to, C₁-C₈-alkyl esters and C₁-C₄-alkoxy-C₂-C₄-alkyl esters, such as methyl esters, ethyl esters, isopropyl, butyl, hexyl, heptyl, isoheptyl, isooctyl, 2-ethylhexyl, butoxyethyl esters, substituted or unsubstituted aryl esters, orthoesters, substituted or unsubstituted alkylaryl esters, and substituted or unsubstituted arylalkyl esters. In some embodiments, the ester can comprise a C₁-C₈ alkyl ester, wherein the C₁-C₈ alkyl group is optionally substituted with one or more moieties selected from the group consisting of cyano, C₂-C₈ alkoxy, and C₂-C₈ alkylsulfonyl. For example, the ester can comprise a methyl, —CH₂CN, —CH₂OCH₃, —CH₂OCH₂CH₂OCH₃, or —CH₂CH₂SO₂CH₃ ester.

The ester can also be an acetal (e.g., a cyclic acetal) formed by protection of the carbonyl group in the pyridine carboxylic acid herbicides described above (e.g., by Formula (I)). For example, the pyridine carboxylic acid herbicides described above can be reacted with a suitable diol (e.g., a diol such as ethane-1,2-diol or butane-2,3-diol, for example, using standard protecting group chemistry, such as taught in Greene, et al., Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, John Wiley and Sons, Fourth Edition, 2007, hereby incorporated by reference) to form a cyclic acetal. In one embodiment, the ester can be a cyclic acetal defined by the structure below, where R², R³, R⁴, X, and A are as described above.

In some embodiments, the ester can comprise a substituted or unsubstituted benzyl ester. In some embodiments, the ester can comprise a benzyl ester optionally substituted with one or more moieties selected from the group consisting of halogen, C₁-C₂ alkyl, C₁-C₂ haloalkyl, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the ester can comprise a methyl ester.

The pyridine carboxylic acid herbicide, or an agriculturally acceptable N-oxide, salt, or ester thereof, can be applied to vegetation or an area adjacent the vegetation or applied to soil or water to prevent the emergence or growth of vegetation in an amount sufficient to induce a herbicidal effect. In some embodiments, the pyridine carboxylic acid herbicide, or an agriculturally acceptable N-oxide, salt, or ester thereof, is applied to vegetation or an area adjacent the vegetation or applied to soil or water to prevent the emergence or growth of vegetation in an amount of 0.1 grams acid equivalent per hectare (g ae/ha) or greater (e.g., 0.2 g ae/ha or greater, 0.3 g ae/ha or greater, 0.4 g ae/ha or greater, 0.5 g ae/ha or greater, 0.6 g ae/ha or greater, 0.7 g ae/ha or greater, 0.8 g ae/ha or greater, 0.9 g ae/ha or greater, 1 g ae/ha or greater, 1.1 g ae/ha or greater, 1.2 g ae/ha or greater, 1.3 g ae/ha or greater, 1.4 g ae/ha or greater, 1.5 g ae/ha or greater, 1.6 g ae/ha or greater, 1.7 g ae/ha or greater, 1.8 g ae/ha or greater, 1.9 g ae/ha or greater, 2 g ae/ha or greater, 2.25 g ae/ha or greater, 2.5 g ae/ha or greater, 2.75 g ae/ha or greater, 3 g ae/ha or greater, 4 g ae/ha or greater, 5 g ae/ha or greater, 6 g ae/ha or greater, 7 g ae/ha or greater, 8 g ae/ha or greater, 9 g ae/ha or greater, 10 g ae/ha or greater, 11 g ae/ha or greater, 12 g ae/ha or greater, 13 g ae/ha or greater, 14 g ae/ha or greater, 15 g ae/ha or greater, 16 g ae/ha or greater, 17 g ae/ha or greater, 18 g ae/ha or greater, 19 g ae/ha or greater, 20 g ae/ha or greater, 21 g ae/ha or greater, 22 g ae/ha or greater, 23 g ae/ha or greater, 24 g ae/ha or greater, 25 g ae/ha or greater, 26 g ae/ha or greater, 27 g ae/ha or greater, 28 g ae/ha or greater, 29 g ae/ha or greater, 30 g ae/ha or greater, 31 g ae/ha or greater, 32 g ae/ha or greater, 33 g ae/ha or greater, 34 g ae/ha or greater, 35 g ae/ha or greater, 36 g ae/ha or greater, 37 g ae/ha or greater, 38 g ae/ha or greater, 39 g ae/ha or greater, 40 g ae/ha or greater, 41 g ae/ha or greater, 42 g ae/ha or greater, 43 g ae/ha or greater, 44 g ae/ha or greater, 45 g ae/ha or greater, 46 g ae/ha or greater, 47 g ae/ha or greater, 48 g ae/ha or greater, 49 g ae/ha or greater, 50 g ae/ha or greater, 55 g ae/ha or greater, 60 g ae/ha or greater, 65 g ae/ha or greater, 70 g ae/ha or greater, 75 g ae/ha or greater, 80 g ae/ha or greater, 85 g ae/ha or greater, 90 g ae/ha or greater, 95 g ae/ha or greater, 100 g ae/ha or greater, 110 g ae/ha or greater, 120 g ae/ha or greater, 130 g ae/ha or greater, 140 g ae/ha or greater, 150 g ae/ha or greater, 160 g ae/ha or greater, 170 g ae/ha or greater, 180 g ae/ha or greater, 190 g ae/ha or greater, 200 g ae/ha or greater, 210 g ae/ha or greater, 220 g ae/ha or greater, 230 g ae/ha or greater, 240 g ae/ha or greater, 250 g ae/ha or greater, 260 g ae/ha or greater, 270 g ae/ha or greater, 280 g ae/ha or greater, or 290 g ae/ha or greater). In some embodiments, the pyridine carboxylic acid herbicide, or an agriculturally acceptable N-oxide, salt, or ester thereof, is applied to vegetation or an area adjacent the vegetation or applied to soil or water to prevent the emergence or growth of vegetation in an amount of 300 g ae/ha or less (e.g., 290 g ae/ha or less, 280 g ae/ha or less, 270 g ae/ha or less, 260 g ae/ha or less, 250 g ae/ha or less, 240 g ae/ha or less, 230 g ae/ha or less, 220 g ae/ha or less, 210 g ae/ha or less, 200 g ae/ha or less, 190 g ae/ha or less, 180 g ae/ha or less, 170 g ae/ha or less, 160 g ae/ha or less, 150 g ae/ha or less, 140 g ae/ha or less, 130 g ae/ha or less, 120 g ae/ha or less, 110 g ae/ha or less, 100 g ae/ha or less, 95 g ae/ha or less, 90 g ae/ha or less, 85 g ae/ha or less, 80 g ae/ha or less, 75 g ae/ha or less, 70 g ae/ha or less, 65 g ae/ha or less, 60 g ae/ha or less, 55 g ae/ha or less, 50 g ae/ha or less, 49 g ae/ha or less, 48 g ae/ha or less, 47 g ae/ha or less, 46 g ae/ha or less, 45 g ae/ha or less, 44 g ae/ha or less, 43 g ae/ha or less, 42 g ae/ha or less, 41 g ae/ha or less, 40 g ae/ha or less, 39 g ae/ha or less, 38 g ae/ha or less, 37 g ae/ha or less, 36 g ae/ha or less, 35 g ae/ha or less, 34 g ae/ha or less, 33 g ae/ha or less, 32 g ae/ha or less, 31 g ae/ha or less, 30 g ae/ha or less, 29 g ae/ha or less, 28 g ae/ha or less, 27 g ae/ha or less, 26 g ae/ha or less, 25 g ae/ha or less, 24 g ae/ha or less, 23 g ae/ha or less, 22 g ae/ha or less, 21 g ae/ha or less, 20 g ae/ha or less, 19 g ae/ha or less, 18 g ae/ha or less, 17 g ae/ha or less, 16 g ae/ha or less, 15 g ae/ha or less, 14 g ae/ha or less, 13 g ae/ha or less, 12 g ae/ha or less, 11 g ae/ha or less, 10 g ae/ha or less, 9 g ae/ha or less, 8 g ae/ha or less, 7 g ae/ha or less, 6 g ae/ha or less, 5 g ae/ha or less, 4 g ae/ha or less, 3 g ae/ha or less, 2.75 g ae/ha or less, 2.5 g ae/ha or less, 2.25 g ae/ha or less, 2 g ae/ha or less, 1.9 g ae/ha or less, 1.8 g ae/ha or less, 1.7 g ae/ha or less, 1.6 g ae/ha or less, 1.5 g ae/ha or less, 1.4 g ae/ha or less, 1.3 g ae/ha or less, 1.2 g ae/ha or less, 1.1 g ae/ha or less, 1 g ae/ha or less, 0.9 g ae/ha or less, 0.8 g ae/ha or less, 0.7 g ae/ha or less, 0.6 g ae/ha or less, 0.5 g ae/ha or less, 0.4 g ae/ha or less, 0.3 g ae/ha or less, or 0.2 g ae/ha or less).

The pyridine carboxylic acid herbicide, or an agriculturally acceptable N-oxide, salt, or ester thereof, can be applied to vegetation or an area adjacent the vegetation or applied to soil or water to prevent the emergence or growth of vegetation in an amount ranging from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above. In some embodiments, the pyridine carboxylic acid herbicide, or an agriculturally acceptable N-oxide, salt, or ester thereof, is applied to vegetation or an area adjacent the vegetation or applied to soil or water to prevent the emergence or growth of vegetation in an amount of from 0.1-300 g ae/ha (e.g., from 0.1-5 g ae/ha, from 2.5-40 g ae/ha, from 0.1-40 g ae/ha, from 0.1-2.5 g ae/ha, from 2-150 g ae/ha, from 5-75 g ae/ha, from 5-40 g ae/ha, from 30-40 g ae/ha, or from 5-15 g ae/ha). In some embodiments, the pyridine carboxylic acid herbicide, or an agriculturally acceptable N-oxide, salt, or ester thereof, is applied in an amount from 30-40 g ae/ha.

Quinolinyloxyacetate Safener

In addition to the pyridine carboxylic acid herbicide, the compositions and methods of the present disclosure can include a quinolinyloxyacetate safener or an agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof. Herbicide safeners are molecules used in combination with herbicides to make them “safer”—that is, to reduce the effect of the herbicide on crop plants and to improve selectivity between crop plants and weed species being targeted by the herbicide. Herbicide safeners can be used to pre-treat crop seeds prior to planting or they can be sprayed on plants as a mixture with the herbicide.

Quinolinyloxyacetate safeners are known in the art, and described for example in U.S. Pat. No. 4,902,340 and U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0031224. Quinolinyloxyacetate safeners include, for example, cloquintocet and the derivatives thereof.

In some embodiments, the quinolinyloxyacetate safener can comprise cloquintocet or an agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof. Cloquintocet is a quinoline compound having the following chemical structure.

Cloquintocet can be a safener when applied in combination with herbicides and can be used to reduce phytotoxicity to crops such as wheat, barley, triticale, rye, teff, oats, corn/maize, sorghum, rice, sugarcane, and pasture grasses.

In some embodiments, the quinolinyloxyacetate safener can comprise an agriculturally acceptable ester of cloquintocet, such as cloquintocet-mexyl, the structure of which is shown below.

In some embodiments, the quinolinyloxyacetate safener can comprise an agriculturally acceptable salt of cloquintocet. Agriculturally acceptable salts of cloquintocet include, for example sodium, potassium, ammonium, monoethanolammonium, diethanolammonium, triethanolammonium, monoisopropanolammonium, diisopropanolammonium, triisopropanolammonium, choline, N,N-dimethylethanolammonium, diethylammonium, dimethylammonium, trimethylammonium, triethylammonium, and isopropylammonium salts of cloquintocet.

The quinolinyloxyacetate safener or an agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof can be used in an amount sufficient to induce a safening effect. In some embodiments the quinolinyloxyacetate safener or an agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof is applied to vegetation or an area adjacent the vegetation or applied to soil or water in an amount of 1 gram active ingredient per hectare (g ai/ha) or greater (e.g., 2 g ai/ha or greater, 3 g ai/ha or greater, 4 g ai/ha or greater, 5 g ai/ha or greater, 6 g ai/ha or greater, 7 g ai/ha or greater, 8 g ai/ha or greater, 9 g ai/ha or greater, 10 g ai/ha or greater, 11 g ai/ha or greater, 12 g ai/ha or greater, 13 g ai/ha or greater, 14 g ai/ha or greater, 15 g ai/ha or greater, 16 g ai/ha or greater, 17 g ai/ha or greater, 18 g ai/ha or greater, 19 g ai/ha or greater, 20 g ai/ha or greater, 21 g ai/ha or greater, 22 g ai/ha or greater, 23 g ai/ha or greater, 24 g ai/ha or greater, 25 g ai/ha or greater, 26 g ai/ha or greater, 27 g ai/ha or greater, 28 g ai/ha or greater, 29 g ai/ha or greater, 30 g ai/ha or greater, 31 g ai/ha or greater, 32 g ai/ha or greater, 33 g ai/ha or greater, 34 g ai/ha or greater, 35 g ai/ha or greater, 36 g ai/ha or greater, 37 g ai/ha or greater, 38 g ai/ha or greater, 39 g ai/ha or greater, 40 g ai/ha or greater, 41 g ai/ha or greater, 42 g ai/ha or greater, 43 g ai/ha or greater, 44 g ai/ha or greater, 45 g ai/ha or greater, 46 g ai/ha or greater, 47 g ai/ha or greater, 48 g ai/ha or greater, 49 g ai/ha or greater, 50 g ai/ha or greater, 55 g ai/ha or greater, 60 g ai/ha or greater, 65 g ai/ha or greater, 70 g ai/ha or greater, 75 g ai/ha or greater, 80 g ai/ha or greater, 85 g ai/ha or greater, 90 g ai/ha or greater, 95 g ai/ha or greater, 100 g ai/ha or greater, 110 g ai/ha or greater, 120 g ai/ha or greater, 130 g ai/ha or greater, 140 g ai/ha or greater, 150 g ai/ha or greater, 160 g ai/ha or greater, 170 g ai/ha or greater, 180 g ai/ha or greater, 190 g ai/ha or greater, 200 g ai/ha or greater, 210 g ai/ha or greater, 220 g ai/ha or greater, 230 g ai/ha or greater, 240 g ai/ha or greater, 250 g ai/ha or greater, 260 g ai/ha or greater, 270 g ai/ha or greater, 280 g ai/ha or greater, or 290 g ai/ha or greater).

In some embodiments the quinolinyloxyacetate safener or an agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof is applied to vegetation or an area adjacent the vegetation or applied to soil or water in an amount of 300 g ai/ha or less (e.g., 290 g ai/ha or less, 280 g ai/ha or less, 270 g ai/ha or less, 260 g a/ha or less, 250 g ai/ha or less, 240 g ai/ha or less, 230 g ai/ha or less, 220 g ai/ha or less, 210 g ai/ha or less, 200 g ai/ha or less, 190 g ai/ha or less, 180 g ai/ha or less, 170 g ai/ha or less, 160 g ai/ha or less, 150 g ai/ha or less, 140 g ai/ha or less, 130 g ai/ha or less, 120 g ai/ha or less, 110 g ai/ha or less, 100 g ai/ha or less, 95 g ai/ha or less, 90 g ai/ha or less, 85 g ai/ha or less, 80 g ai/ha or less, 75 g ai/ha or less, 70 g ai/ha or less, 65 g ai/ha or less, 60 g ai/ha or less, 55 g ai/ha or less, 50 g ai/ha or less, 49 g ai/ha or less, 48 g ai/ha or less, 47 g ai/ha or less, 46 g ai/ha or less, 45 g ai/ha or less, 44 g ai/ha or less, 43 g ai/ha or less, 42 g ai/ha or less, 41 g ai/ha or less, 40 g ai/ha or less, 39 g ai/ha or less, 38 g ai/ha or less, 37 g ai/ha or less, 36 g ai/ha or less, 35 g ai/ha or less, 34 g ai/ha or less, 33 g ai/ha or less, 32 g ai/ha or less, 31 g ai/ha or less, 30 g ai/ha or less, 29 g ai/ha or less, 28 g ai/ha or less, 27 g ai/ha or less, 26 g ai/ha or less, 25 g ai/ha or less, 24 g ai/ha or less, 23 g ai/ha or less, 22 g ai/ha or less, 21 g ai/ha or less, 20 g ai/ha or less, 19 g ai/ha or less, 18 g ai/ha or less, 17 g ai/ha or less, 16 g ai/ha or less, 15 g ai/ha or less, 14 g ai/ha or less, 13 g ai/ha or less, 12 g ai/ha or less, 11 g ai/ha or less, 10 g ai/ha or less, 9 g ai/ha or less, 8 g ai/ha or less, 7 g ai/ha or less, 6 g ai/ha or less, 5 g ai/ha or less, 4 g ai/ha or less, 3 g ai/ha or less, or 2 g ai/ha or less).

The quinolinyloxyacetate safener or an agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof can be applied to vegetation or an area adjacent the vegetation or applied to soil or water in an amount ranging from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above. In some embodiments, the quinolinyloxyacetate safener or agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof is applied to vegetation or an area adjacent the vegetation or applied to soil or water in an amount of from 1-300 g ai/ha (e.g., from 2-150 g ai/ha, from 5-75 g ai/ha, from 5-40 g ai/ha, from 30-40 g ai/ha, or from 5-15 g ai/ha). In some embodiments, the quinolinyloxyacetate safener or agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof is applied in an amount from 30-40 g ai/ha.

II. Compositions

A. Herbicidal Mixtures or Combinations

The (a) pyridine carboxylic acid herbicide or an agriculturally acceptable N-oxide, salt, or ester thereof is mixed with or applied in combination with (b) a quinolinyloxyacetate safener or an agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof.

In some embodiments, the (a) pyridine carboxylic acid herbicide or an agriculturally acceptable N-oxide, salt, or ester thereof is mixed with or applied in combination with (b) a quinolinyloxyacetate safener or an agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof in an amount sufficient to induce a synergistic effect. In some embodiments, (a) and (b) are used in an amount sufficient to induce a synergistic herbicidal effect while still showing good crop compatibility (i.e. their use in crops does not result in increased damage to crops or reduces damage to crops when compared to the individual application of the herbicidal compounds (a) or (b)).

As described in the Herbicide Handbook of the Weed Science Society of America, Tenth Edition, 2014, p. 487, “‘synergism’ [is] an interaction of two or more factors such that the effect when combined is greater than the predicted effect based on the response to each factor applied separately.” Synergistic in the herbicide context can mean that the use of (a) and (b) as defined above results in an increased weed control effect compared to the weed control effects that are possible with the use of (a) or (b) alone. In some embodiments, the damage or injury to the undesired vegetation or the crop caused by the compositions and methods disclosed herein is evaluated using a scale from 0% to 100%, when compared with the untreated control vegetation, wherein 0% indicates no damage to the undesired vegetation and 100% indicates complete destruction of the undesired vegetation. In some embodiments, Colby's formula is applied to determine whether using (a) and (b) in combination shows a synergistic effect: S. R. Colby, Calculating Synergistic and Antagonistic Responses of Herbicide Combinations, WEEDS 15, p. 22 (1967)

$E = {X + Y - \frac{X*Y}{100}}$

wherein

X=effect in percent using (a) a pyridine carboxylic acid herbicide or an agriculturally acceptable N-oxide, salt, or ester thereof at an application rate a;

Y=effect in percent using (b) a quinolinyloxyacetate safener or an agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof at an application rate b;

E=expected effect (in %) of (a)+(b) at application rates a and b.

In Colby's equation, the value E corresponds to the effect (plant damage or injury) that is to be expected if the activity of the individual compounds is additive. If the observed effect is higher than the value E calculated according to the Colby equation, then a synergistic effect is present according to the Colby equation. Likewise, with respect to the desired crop, if the observed effect is lower than the value E calculated according to the Colby equation, then a synergistic effect is present according to the Colby equation with respect to crop safening.

In some embodiments, the compositions and methods disclosed herein are synergistic as defined by the Colby equation. In some embodiments, the joint action of (a) the pyridine carboxylic acid herbicide or an agriculturally acceptable N-oxide, salt, or ester thereof and (b) a quinolinyloxyacetate safener or an agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof results in enhanced activity against undesired vegetation (via synergism), even at application rates below those typically used for the pesticide to have a herbicidal effect on its own. In some embodiments, the compositions and methods disclosed herein can, based on the individual components, be used at lower application rates to achieve a herbicidal effect comparable to the effect produced by the individual components at normal application rates. In some embodiments, the compositions and methods disclosed herein provide an accelerated action on undesired vegetation (i.e. they effect damaging of undesired vegetation more quickly compared with application of the individual herbicides). In some embodiments, the joint action of (a) the pyridine carboxylic acid herbicide or an agriculturally acceptable N-oxide, salt, or ester thereof and (b) a quinolinyloxyacetate safener or an agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof results in reduced activity against desired vegetation/crops (via synergism).

In some embodiments, the observed effect for undesired vegetation is at least 1%, at least 2%, at least 3%, at least 4%, at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, or at least 25% greater than the effect (E) calculated according to the Colby equation (e.g., an observed effect of 96% would be 4% greater than an calculated effect (E) of 92%). In some embodiments, for undesired vegetation, the difference (Do) between 100% and the observed effect is at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, or at least 50% less than the difference (DE) between 100% and the effect (E) calculated according to the Colby equation (e.g., an observed effect of 96% would produce a Do of 4%, a calculated effect (E) of 92% would produce a DE of 8%, and Do would be 50% less than or half of DE). In some embodiments, the observed effect for desired vegetation/crops is at least 1%, at least 2%, at least 3%, at least 4%, at least 5%, at least 6%, at least 7%, at least 8%, at least 9%, or at least 10% less than the effect (E) calculated according to the Colby equation. In some embodiments, for desired vegetation/crops, the difference (Do) between 100% and the observed effect is at least 2%, at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, or at least 25% greater than the difference (DE) between 100% and the effect (E) calculated according to the Colby equation.

In some embodiments, the weight ratio of (a) the pyridine carboxylic acid herbicide or an agriculturally acceptable N-oxide, salt, or ester thereof (in g ae/ha) to (b) the quinolinyloxyacetate safener or an agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof (in g ai/ha) is 1:5 or more (e.g., 1:4.75 or more, 1:4.5 or more, 1:4.25 or more, 1:4 or more, 1:3.75 or more, 1:3.5 or more, 1:3.25 or more, 1:3 or more, 1:2.75 or more, 1:2.5 or more, 1:2.25 or more, 1:2 or more, 1:1.9 or more, 1:1.8 or more, 1:1.7 or more, 1:1.6 or more, 1:1.5 or more, 1:1.4 or more, 1:1.3 or more, 1:1.2 or more, 1:1.1 or more, 1:1 or more, 1.1:1 or more, 1.2:1 or more, 1.3:1 or more, 1.4:1 or more, 1.5:1 or more, 1.6:1 or more, 1.7:1 or more, 1.8:1 or more, 1.9:1 or more, 2:1 or more, 2.25:1 or more, 2.5:1 or more, 2.75:1 or more, 3:1 or more, 3.25:1 or more, 3.5:1 or more, 3.75:1 or more, 4:1 or more, 4.25:1 or more, 4.5:1 or more, 4.75:1 or more, 5:1 or more, 6:1 or more, 7:1 or more, 8:1 or more, 9:1 or more, 10:1 or more, 11:1 or more, 12:1 or more, 13:1 or more, 14:1 or more, 15:1 or more, 16:1 or more, 17:1 or more, 18:1 or more, 19:1 or more, 20:1 or more, 25:1 or more, 30:1 or more, 35:1 or more, 40:1 or more, 45:1 or more, 50:1 or more, 55:1 or more, or 60:1 or more). In some embodiments, the weight ratio of (a) the pyridine carboxylic acid herbicide or an agriculturally acceptable N-oxide, salt, or ester thereof (in g ae/ha) to (b) a quinolinyloxyacetate safener, or an agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof (in g ai/ha) is 65:1 or less (e.g., 60:1 or less, 55:1 or less, 50:1 or less, 45:1 or less, 40:1 or less, 35:1 or less, 30:1 or less, 25:1 or less, 20:1 or less, 19:1 or less, 18:1 or less, 17:1 or less, 16:1 or less, 15:1 or less, 14:1 or less, 13:1 or less, 12:1 or less, 11:1 or less, 10:1 or less, 9:1 or less, 8:1 or less, 7:1 or less, 6:1 or less, 5:1 or less, 4.75:1 or less, 4.5:1 or less, 4.25:1 or less, 4:1 or less, 3.75:1 or less, 3.5:1 or less, 3.25:1 or less, 3:1 or less, 2.75:1 or less, 2.5:1 or less, 2.25:1 or less, 2:1 or less, 1.9:1 or less, 1.8:1 or less, 1.7:1 or less, 1.6:1 or less, 1.5:1 or less, 1.4:1 or less, 1.3:1 or less, 1.2:1 or less, 1.1:1 or less, 1:1 or less, 1:1.1 or less, 1:1.2 or less, 1:1.3 or less, 1:1.4 or less, 1:1.5 or less, 1:1.6 or less, 1:1.7 or less, 1:1.8 or less, 1:1.9 or less, 1:2 or less, 1:2.25 or less, 1:2.5 or less, 1:2.75 or less, 1:3 or less, 1:3.25 or less, 1:3.5 or less, 1:3.75 or less, 1:4 or less, 1:4.25 or less, 1:4.5 or less, or 1:4.75 or less).

The weight ratio of (a) the pyridine carboxylic acid herbicide or an agriculturally acceptable N-oxide, salt, or ester thereof (in g ae/ha) to (b) a quinolinyloxyacetate safener, or an agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof (in g ai/ha) can range from any of the minimum ratios described above to any of the maximum values described above. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of (a) the pyridine carboxylic acid herbicide or an agriculturally acceptable N-oxide, salt, or ester thereof to (b) a quinolinyloxyacetate safener, or an agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof is from 65:1 to 1:5 (e.g., from 60:1 to 1:5, from 55:1 to 1:5, from 50:1 to 1:5, from 45:1 to 1:5, from 40:1 to 1:5, from 35:1 to 1:5, from 30:1 to 1:5, from 25:1 to 1:5, from 20:1 to 1:5, from 15:1 to 1:5, from 10:1 to 1:5, from 1:1 to 1:4, from 5:1 to 1:5, 4.5:1 to 1:4.5, from 4:1 to 1:4, from 3.5:1 to 1:3.5, from 3:1 to 1:3, from 2.5:1 to 1:2.5, from 2:1 to 1:2, from 1.9:1 to 1:1.9, from 1.8:1 to 1:1.8, from 1.7:1 to 1:1.7, from 1.6:1 to 1:1.6, from 1.5:1 to 1:1.5, from 1.4:1 to 1:1.4, from 1.3:1 to 1:1.3, from 1.2:1 to 1:1.2, from 1.1:1 to 1:1.1). In some embodiments, the weight ratio of (a) the pyridine carboxylic acid herbicide or an agriculturally acceptable N-oxide, salt, or ester thereof to (b) a quinolinyloxyacetate safener or an agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof is 1:1.

In some examples, the active ingredients in the compositions disclosed herein consist of (a) a pyridine carboxylic acid herbicide or an agriculturally acceptable N-oxide, salt or ester thereof and (b) a quinolinyloxyacetate safener or an agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof.

B. Formulations

The present disclosure also relates to formulations of the compositions and methods disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the formulation can be in the form of a single package formulation including both (a) a pyridine carboxylic acid herbicide or an agriculturally acceptable N-oxide, salt, or ester thereof and (b) a quinolinyloxyacetate safener or an agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof. In some embodiments, the formulation can be in the form of a single package formulation including both (a) and (b) and further including at least one additive. In some embodiments, the formulation can be in the form of a two-package formulation, wherein one package contains (a) and optionally at least one additive while the other package contains (b) and optionally at least one additive. In some embodiments of the two-package formulation, the formulation including (a) and optionally at least one additive and the formulation including (b) and optionally at least one additive are mixed before application and then applied simultaneously. In some embodiments, the mixing is performed as a tank mix (i.e., the formulations are mixed immediately before or upon dilution with water). In some embodiments, the formulation including (a) and the formulation including (b) are not mixed but are applied sequentially (in succession), for example, immediately or within 1 hour, within 2 hours, within 4 hours, within 8 hours, within 16 hours, within 24 hours, within 2 days, or within 3 days, of each other.

In some embodiments, the formulation of (a) and (b) is present in suspended, emulsified, or dissolved form. Exemplary formulations include, but are not limited to, aqueous solutions, powders, suspensions, also highly-concentrated aqueous, oily or other suspensions or dispersions, aqueous emulsions, aqueous microemulsions, aqueous suspo-emulsions, oil dispersions, self-emulsifying formulations, pastes, dusts, and materials for spreading or granules.

In some embodiments, (a) a pyridine carboxylic acid herbicide or an agriculturally acceptable N-oxide, salt, or ester thereof and/or (b) a quinolinyloxyacetate safener or an agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof is an aqueous solution that can be diluted before use. In some embodiments, (a) and/or (b) is provided as a high-strength formulation such as a concentrate. In some embodiments, the concentrate is stable and retains potency during storage and shipping. In some embodiments, the concentrate is a clear, homogeneous liquid that is stable at temperatures of 54° C. or greater. In some embodiments, the concentrate does not exhibit any precipitation of solids at temperatures of −10° C. or higher. In some embodiments, the concentrate does not exhibit separation, precipitation, or crystallization of any components at low temperatures. For example, the concentrate remains a clear solution at temperatures below 0° C. (e.g., below −5° C., below −10° C., below −15° C.). In some embodiments, the concentrate exhibits a viscosity of less than 50 centipoise (50 megapascals), even at temperatures as low as 5° C.

The compositions and methods disclosed herein can also be mixed with or applied with an additive. In some embodiments, the additive can be diluted in water or can be concentrated. In some embodiments, the additive is added sequentially. In some embodiments, the additive is added simultaneously. In some embodiments, the additive is premixed with the pyridine carboxylic acid herbicide or agriculturally acceptable N-oxide, salt, or ester thereof. In some embodiments, the additive is premixed with the quinolinyloxyacetate safener or agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof.

C. Other Actives

In some embodiments, the additive is an additional pesticide. For example, the compositions described herein can be applied in conjunction with one or more additional herbicides to control undesirable vegetation. The composition can be formulated with the one or more additional herbicides, tank mixed with the one or more additional herbicides, or applied sequentially with the one or more additional herbicides. Exemplary additional herbicides include, but are not limited to: 4-CPA, 4-CPB, 4-CPP, 2,4-D, 2,4-D choline salt, 2,4-D esters and amines, 2,4-DB, 3,4-DA, 3,4-DB, 2,4-DEB, 2,4-DEP, 3,4-DP, 2,3,6-TBA, 2,4,5-T, 2,4,5-TB, acetochlor, acifluorfen, aclonifen, acrolein, alachlor, allidochlor, alloxydim, allyl alcohol, alorac, ametridione, ametryn, amibuzin, amicarbazone, amidosulfuron, aminocyclopyrachlor, 4-aminopicolinic acid based herbicides, such as halauxifen, halauxifen-methyl, 4-amino-3-chloro-6-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl)-5-fluoro-2-pyridinecarboxylic acis, benzyl 4-amino-3-chloro-6-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl)-5-fluoro-2-pyridinecarboxylate, and those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,314,849 and 7,432,227 to Balko, et al, aminopyralid, amiprofos-methyl, amitrole, ammonium sulfamate, anilofos, anisuron, asulam, atraton, atrazine, azafenidin, aziprotryne, barban, BCPC, beflubutamid, benazolin, bencarbazone, benfluralin, benfuresate, bensulide, benthiocarb, bentazon-sodium, benzadox, benzfendizone, benzipram, benzobicyclon, benzofenap, benzofluor, benzoylprop, benzthiazuron, bicyclopyrone, bifenox, bilanafos, borax, bromacil, bromobonil, bromobutide, bromofenoxim, brompyrazon, butachlor, butafenacil, butamifos, butenachlor, buthidazole, buthiuron, butralin, butroxydim, buturon, butylate, cacodylic acid, cafenstrole, calcium chlorate, calcium cyanamide, cambendichlor, carbasulam, carbetamide, carboxazole, chlorprocarb, carfentrazone-ethyl, CDEA, CEPC, chlomethoxyfen, chloramben, chloranocryl, chlorazifop, chlorazine, chlorbromuron, chlorbufam, chloreturon, chlorfenac, chlorfenprop, chlorflurazole, chlorflurenol, chloridazon, chlorimuron, chlornitrofen, chloropon, chlorotoluron, chloroxuron, chloroxynil, chlorpropham, chlorsulfuron, chlorthal, chlorthiamid, cinidon-ethyl, cinmethylin, cisanilide, clacyfos, clethodim, cliodinate, clodinafop-propargyl, clofop, clomazone, clomeprop, cloprop, cloproxydim, clopyralid, cloransulam-methyl, CMA, copper sulfate, CPMF, CPPC, credazine, cresol, cumyluron, cyanatryn, cyanazine, cycloate, cyclopyrimorate, cyclosulfamuron, cycloxydim, cycluron, cyhalofop-butyl, cyperquat, cyprazine, cyprazole, cypromid, daimuron, dalapon, dazomet, delachlor, desmedipham, desmetryn, di-allate, dicamba, dichlobenil, dichloralurea, dichlormate, dichlorprop, dichlorprop-P, diclofop-methyl, diclosulam, diethamquat, diethatyl, difenopenten, difenoxuron, difenzoquat, diflufenican, diflufenzopyr, dimefuron, dimepiperate, dimethachlor, dimethametryn, dimethenamid, dimethenamid-P, dimexano, dimidazon, dinitramine, dinofenate, dinoprop, dinosam, dinoseb, dinoterb, diphenamid, dipropetryn, diquat, disul, dithiopyr, diuron, DMPA, DNOC, DSMA, EBEP, eglinazine, endothal, epronaz, EPTC, erbon, esprocarb, ethalfluralin, ethbenzamide, ethametsulfuron, ethidimuron, ethiolate, ethobenzamid, etobenzamid, ethofumesate, ethoxyfen, etinofen, etnipromid, etobenzanid, EXD, fenasulam, fenoprop, fenoxaprop, fenoxaprop-P-ethyl, fenoxaprop-P-ethyl+isoxadifen-ethyl, fenoxasulfone, fenquinotrione, fenteracol, fenthiaprop, fentrazamide, fenuron, ferrous sulfate, flamprop, flamprop-M, fluazifop, fluazifop-P-butyl, fluazolate, flucarbazone, flucetosulfuron, fluchloralin, flufenacet, flufenican, flufenpyr-ethyl, flumetsulam, flumezin, flumiclorac-pentyl, flumioxazin, flumipropyn, fluometuron, fluorodifen, fluoroglycofen, fluoromidine, fluoronitrofen, fluothiuron, flupoxam, flupropacil, flupropanate, flupyrsulfuron, fluridone, flurochloridone, fluroxypyr, fluroxypyr-meptyl, flurtamone, fluthiacet, fomesafen, foramsulfuron, fosamine, fumiclorac, furyloxyfen, glufosinate, glufosinate-ammonium, glufosinate-P-ammonium, glyphosate salts and esters, halosafen, haloxydine, hexachloroacetone, hexaflurate, hexazinone, imazamethabenz, imazapic, imazapyr, imazaquin, indanofan, indaziflam, iodobonil, iodomethane, iodosulfuron, iodosulfuron-ethyl-sodium, iofensulfuron, ioxynil, ipazine, ipfencarbazone, iprymidam, isocarbamid, isocil, isomethiozin, isonoruron, isopolinate, isopropalin, isoproturon, isouron, isoxaben, isoxachlortole, isoxaflutole, isoxapyrifop, karbutilate, ketospiradox, lactofen, lenacil, linuron, MAA, MAMA, MCPA esters and amines, MCPA-thioethyl, MCPB, mecoprop, mecoprop-P, medinoterb, mefenacet, mefluidide, mesoprazine, mesosulfuron, mesotrione, metam, metamifop, metamitron, metazachlor, metflurazon, methabenzthiazuron, methalpropalin, methazole, methiobencarb, methiozolin, methiuron, methometon, methoprotryne, methyl bromide, methyl isothiocyanate, methyldymron, metobenzuron, metobromuron, metolachlor, metosulam, metoxuron, metribuzin, molinate, monalide, monisouron, monochloroacetic acid, monolinuron, monuron, morfamquat, MSMA, naproanilide, napropamide, napropamide-M, naptalam, neburon, nicosulfuron, nipyraclofen, nitralin, nitrofen, nitrofluorfen, norflurazon, noruron, OCH, orbencarb, ortho-dichlorobenzene, oryzalin, oxadiargyl, oxadiazon, oxapyrazon, oxasulfuron, oxaziclomefone, oxyfluorfen, paraflufen-ethyl, parafluron, paraquat, pebulate, pelargonic acid, pendimethalin, pentachlorophenol, pentanochlor, pentoxazone, perfluidone, pethoxamid, phenisopham, phenmedipham, phenmedipham-ethyl, phenobenzuron, phenylmercury acetate, picloram, picolinafen, pinoxaden, piperophos, potassium arsenite, potassium azide, potassium cyanate, pretilachlor, primisulfuron-methyl, procyazine, prodiamine, profluazol, profluralin, profoxydim, proglinazine, prohexadione-calcium, prometon, prometryn, pronamide, propachlor, propanil, propaquizafop, propazine, propham, propisochlor, propoxycarbazone, propyzamide, prosulfalin, prosulfocarb, prosulfuron, proxan, prynachlor, pydanon, pyraclonil, pyraflufen-ethyl, pyrasulfotole, pyrazogyl, pyrazolynate, pyrazoxyfen, pyributicarb, pyriclor, pyridafol, pyridate, pyrithiobac-sodium, pyroxasulfone, quinclorac, quinmerac, quinoclamine, quinonamid, quizalofop, quizalofop-P-ethyl, rhodethanil, rimsulfuron, saflufenacil, S-metolachlor, sebuthylazine, secbumeton, sethoxydim, siduron, simazine, simeton, simetryn, SMA, sodium arsenite, sodium azide, sodium chlorate, sulcotrione, sulfallate, sulfentrazone, sulfometuron, sulfosate, sulfosulfuron, sulfuric acid, sulglycapin, swep, TCA, tebutam, tebuthiuron, tefuryltrione, tembotrione, tepraloxydim, terbacil, terbucarb, terbuchlor, terbumeton, terbuthylazine, terbutryn, tetrafluron, thenylchlor, thiameturon, thiazafluron, thiazopyr, thidiazimin, thidiazuron, thiencarbazone-methyl, thifensulfuron, thifensulfurn-methyl, thiobencarb, tiafenacil, tiocarbazil, tioclorim, tolpyralate, topramezone, tralkoxydim, tri-allate, triafamone, triasulfuron, triaziflam, tribenuron, tribenuron-methyl, tricamba, triclopyr choline salt, triclopyr esters and amines, tridiphane, trietazine, trifloxysulfuron, trifludimoxazin, trifluralin, triflusulfuron, trifop, trifopsime, trihydroxytriazine, trimeturon, tripropindan, tritac, tritosulfuron, vernolate, xylachlor and salts, esters, optically active isomers, and mixtures thereof.

In some embodiments, the additional pesticide or an agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof is provided in a premixed formulation with (a), (b), or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the pyridine carboxylic acid herbicide or an agriculturally acceptable N-oxide, salt, or ester thereof is provided in a premixed formulation with an additional pesticide. In some embodiments, the quinolinyloxyacetate safener or an agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof is provided in a premixed formulation with an additional pesticide.

D. Adjuvants/Carriers/Colorants/Adhesives

In some embodiments, the additive includes an agriculturally acceptable adjuvant. Exemplary agriculturally acceptable adjuvants include, but are not limited to, antifreeze agents, antifoam agents, compatibilizing agents, sequestering agents, neutralizing agents and buffers, corrosion inhibitors, colorants, odorants, penetration aids, wetting agents, spreading agents, dispersing agents, thickening agents, freeze point depressants, antimicrobial agents, crop oil, herbicide safeners, adhesives (for instance, for use in seed formulations), surfactants, protective colloids, emulsifiers, tackifiers, and mixtures thereof.

Exemplary agriculturally acceptable adjuvants include, but are not limited to, crop oil concentrate (mineral oil (85%)+emulsifiers (15%)); nonylphenol ethoxylate; benzylcocoalkyldimethyl quaternary ammonium salt; blend of petroleum hydrocarbon, alkyl esters, organic acid, and anionic surfactant; C₉-C₁₁ alkylpolyglycoside; phosphate alcohol ethoxylate; natural primary alcohol (C₁₂-C₁₆) ethoxylate; di-sec-butylphenol EO-PO block copolymer; polysiloxane-methyl cap; nonylphenol ethoxylate+urea ammonium nitrate; emulsified methylated seed oil; tridecyl alcohol (synthetic) ethoxylate (8 EO); tallow amine ethoxylate (15 EO); and PEG(400) dioleate-99.

In some embodiments, the additive can be an additional safener.

Exemplary surfactants (e.g., wetting agents, tackifiers, dispersants, emulsifiers) include, but are not limited to, the alkali metal salts, alkaline earth metal salts and ammonium salts of aromatic sulfonic acids, for example lignosulfonic acids, phenolsulfonic acids, naphthalenesulfonic acids, and dibutylnaphthalenesulfonic acid, and of fatty acids, alkyl- and alkylarylsulfonates, alkyl sulfates, lauryl ether sulfates and fatty alcohol sulfates, and salts of sulfated hexa-, hepta- and octadecanols, and also of fatty alcohol glycol ethers, condensates of sulfonated naphthalene and its derivatives with formaldehyde, condensates of naphthalene or of the naphthalene sulfonic acids with phenol and formaldehyde, polyoxyethylene octylphenol ether, ethoxylated isooctyl-, octyl- or nonylphenol, alkylphenyl or tributylphenyl polyglycol ether, alkyl aryl polyether alcohols, isotridecyl alcohol, fatty alcohol/ethylene oxide condensates, ethoxylated castor oil, polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers or polyoxypropylene alkyl ethers, lauryl alcohol polyglycol ether acetate, sorbitol esters, lignosulfite waste liquors and proteins, denatured proteins, polysaccharides (e.g., methylcellulose), hydrophobically modified starches, polyvinyl alcohol, polycarboxylates, polyalkoxylates, polyvinyl amine, polyethyleneimine, polyvinylpyrrolidone and copolymers thereof.

Exemplary thickeners include, but are not limited to, polysaccharides, such as xanthan gum, and organic and inorganic sheet minerals, and mixtures thereof.

Exemplary antifoam agents include, but are not limited to, silicone emulsions, long-chain alcohols, fatty acids, salts of fatty acids, organofluorine compounds, and mixtures thereof.

Exemplary antimicrobial agents include, but are not limited to, bactericides based on dichlorophen and benzyl alcohol hemiformal, and isothiazolinone derivatives, such as alkylisothiazolinones and benzisothiazolinones, and mixtures thereof.

Exemplary antifreeze agents, include, but are not limited to ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, urea, glycerol, and mixtures thereof.

Exemplary colorants include, but are not limited to, the dyes known under the names Rhodamine B, pigment blue 15:4, pigment blue 15:3, pigment blue 15:2, pigment blue 15:1, pigment blue 80, pigment yellow 1, pigment yellow 13, pigment red 112, pigment red 48:2, pigment red 48:1, pigment red 57:1, pigment red 53:1, pigment orange 43, pigment orange 34, pigment orange 5, pigment green 36, pigment green 7, pigment white 6, pigment brown 25, basic violet 10, basic violet 49, acid red 51, acid red 52, acid red 14, acid blue 9, acid yellow 23, basic red 10, basic red 108, and mixtures thereof.

Exemplary adhesives include, but are not limited to, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl alcohol, tylose, and mixtures thereof.

In some embodiments, the additive includes a carrier. In some embodiments, the additive includes a liquid or solid carrier. In some embodiments, the additive includes an organic or inorganic carrier. Exemplary liquid carriers include, but are not limited to, petroleum fractions or hydrocarbons such as mineral oil, aromatic solvents, paraffinic oils, and the like or less, vegetable oils such as soybean oil, rapeseed oil, olive oil, castor oil, sunflower seed oil, coconut oil, corn oil, cottonseed oil, linseed oil, palm oil, peanut oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, tung oil and the like or less, esters of the above vegetable oils or less, esters of monoalcohols or dihydric, trihydric, or other lower polyalcohols (4-6 hydroxy containing), such as 2-ethyl hexyl stearate, n-butyl oleate, isopropyl myristate, propylene glycol dioleate, di-octyl succinate, di-butyl adipate, di-octyl phthalate and the like or less, esters of mono, di and polycarboxylic acids and the like, toluene, xylene, petroleum naphtha, crop oil, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, cyclohexanone, trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene, ethyl acetate, amyl acetate, butyl acetate, propylene glycol monomethyl ether and diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, amyl alcohol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, glycerine, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone, N,N-dimethyl alkylamides, dimethyl sulfoxide, liquid fertilizers and the like, and water as well as mixtures thereof. Exemplary solid carriers include, but are not limited to, silicas, silica gels, silicates, talc, kaolin, limestone, lime, chalk, bole, loess, clay, dolomite, diatomaceous earth, calcium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, magnesium oxide, ground synthetic materials, pyrophyllite clay, attapulgus clay, kieselguhr, calcium carbonate, bentonite clay, Fuller's earth, cottonseed hulls, wheat flour, soybean flour, pumice, wood flour, walnut shell flour, lignin, ammonium sulfate, ammonium phosphate, ammonium nitrate, ureas, cereal meal, tree bark meal, wood meal and nutshell meal, cellulose powders, and mixtures thereof.

In some embodiments, emulsions, pastes or oil dispersions, can be prepared by homogenizing (a) and (b) in water by means of wetting agent, tackifier, dispersant or emulsifier. In some embodiments, concentrates suitable for dilution with water are prepared, comprising (a), (b), a wetting agent, a tackifier, and a dispersant or emulsifier.

In some embodiments, powders or materials for spreading and dusts can be prepared by mixing or concomitant grinding of (a) and (b) and optionally an additional safener with a solid carrier.

In some embodiments, granules (e.g., coated granules, impregnated granules and homogeneous granules) can be prepared by binding the (a) and (b) to solid carriers.

The formulations disclosed herein can comprise a synergistic, herbicidally effective amount of (a) and (b). In some embodiments, the concentrations of (a) and (b) in the formulations can be varied. In some embodiments, the formulations comprise from 1% to 95% (e.g., from 5% to 95%, from 10% to 80%, from 20% to 70%, from 30% to 50%) by total weight of (a) and (b). In formulations designed to be employed as concentrates, (a) and (b) can be present in a concentration of from 0.1 to 98 weight percent (0.5 to 90 weight percent), based on the total weight of the formulation. Concentrates can be diluted with an inert carrier, such as water, prior to application. The diluted formulations applied to undesired vegetation or the locus of undesired vegetation can contain from 0.0006 to 8.0 weight percent of (a) and (b) (e.g., from 0.001 to 5.0 weight percent), based on the total weight of the diluted formulation.

In some embodiments, (a) and (b), independently, can be employed in a purity of from 90% to 100% (e.g., from 95% to 100%) according to nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometry. In some embodiments, the concentrations of (a), (b), and additional pesticides in the formulations can be varied. In some embodiments, the formulations comprise from 1% to 95% (e.g., from 5% to 95%, from 10% to 80%, from 20% to 70%, from 30% to 50%) by total weight of (a), (b), and additional pesticides. In some embodiments, (a), (b), and additional pesticides, independently, can be employed in a purity of from 90% to 100% (e.g., from 95% to 100%) according to NMR spectrometry.

III. Methods of Use

The compositions disclosed herein can be applied in any known technique for applying herbicides. Exemplary application techniques include, but are not limited to, spraying, atomizing, dusting, spreading, or direct application into water (in-water). The method of application can vary depending on the intended purpose. In some embodiments, the method of application can be chosen to ensure the finest possible distribution of the compositions disclosed herein.

In some embodiments, a method of controlling undesirable vegetation which comprises contacting the vegetation or the locus thereof with or applying to the soil or water to prevent the emergence or growth of vegetation any of the compositions is disclosed herein.

The compositions disclosed herein can be applied pre-emergence (before the emergence of undesirable vegetation) or post-emergence (i.e., during and/or after emergence of the undesirable vegetation). In some embodiments, the composition is applied post-emergence to the undesirable vegetation. In some embodiments, the pyridine carboxylic acid herbicide and quinolinyloxyacetate safener are applied simultaneously.

When the compositions are used in crops, the compositions can be applied after seeding and before or after the emergence of the crop plants. In some embodiments, the compositions disclosed herein show good crop tolerance even when the crop has already emerged and can be applied during or after the emergence of the crop plants. In some embodiments, when the compositions are used in crops, the compositions can be applied before seeding of the crop plants.

In some embodiments, the compositions disclosed herein are applied to vegetation or an area adjacent the vegetation or applying to soil or water to prevent the emergence or growth of vegetation by spraying (e.g., foliar spraying). In some embodiments, the spraying techniques use, for example, water as carrier and spray volume rates of from 2 liters per hectare (L/ha) to 2000 L/ha (e.g., from 10-1000 L/ha or from 50-500 L/ha). In some embodiments, the compositions disclosed herein are applied by the low-volume or the ultra-low-volume method, wherein the application is in the form of micro granules. In some embodiments, wherein the compositions disclosed herein are less well tolerated by certain crop plants, the compositions can be applied with the aid of the spray apparatus in such a way that they come into little contact, if any, with the leaves of the sensitive crop plants while reaching the leaves of undesirable vegetation that grows underneath or on the bare soil (e.g., post-directed or lay-by). In some embodiments, the compositions disclosed herein can be applied as dry formulations (e.g., granules, WDGs, etc.) into water.

In some embodiments, wherein the undesirable vegetation is treated post-emergence, the compositions disclosed herein are applied by foliar application. In some embodiments, herbicidal activity is exhibited by the compounds of the mixture when they are applied directly to the plant or to the locus of the plant at any stage of growth or before planting or emergence. The effect observed can depend upon the type of undesirable vegetation to be controlled, the stage of growth of the undesirable vegetation, the application parameters of dilution and spray drop size, the particle size of solid components, the environmental conditions at the time of use, the specific compound employed, the specific adjuvants and carriers employed, the soil type, and the like, as well as the amount of chemical applied. In some embodiments, these and other factors can be adjusted to promote non-selective or selective herbicidal action.

The compositions and methods disclosed herein can be used to control undesired vegetation in a variety of crop and non-crop applications. In some embodiments, the compositions and methods disclosed herein can be used for controlling undesired vegetation in crops. In some embodiments, the undesirable vegetation is controlled in a row crop. Exemplary crops include, but are not limited to, wheat, barley, triticale, rye, teff, oats, corn/maize, cotton, soy, sorghum, rice, sugarcane and range land (e.g., pasture grasses). In some embodiments, the compositions and methods disclosed herein can be used for controlling undesired vegetation in corn/maize, wheat, barley or a combination thereof.

The compositions and methods disclosed herein can be used for controlling undesired vegetation in non-crop areas. Exemplary non-crop areas include, but are not limited to, turfgrass, pastures, grasslands, rangelands, fallow land, rights-of-way, aquatic settings, tree and vine, wildlife management areas, or rangeland. In some embodiments, the compositions and methods disclosed herein can be used in industrial vegetation management (IVM) or for utility, pipeline, roadside, and railroad rights-of-way applications. In some embodiments, the compositions and methods disclosed herein can also be used in forestry (e.g., for site preparation or for combating undesirable vegetation in plantation forests). In some embodiments, the compositions and methods disclosed herein can be used to control undesirable vegetation in conservation reserve program lands (CRP), trees, vines, grasslands, and grasses grown for seeds. In some embodiments, the compositions and methods disclosed herein can be used on lawns (e.g., residential, industrial, and institutional), golf courses, parks, cemeteries, athletic fields, and sod farms.

The compositions and methods disclosed herein can also be used in crop plants that are resistant to, for instance, herbicides, pathogens, and/or insects. In some embodiments, the compositions and methods disclosed herein can be used in crop plants that are resistant to one or more herbicides because of genetic engineering or breeding. In some embodiments, the compositions and methods disclosed herein can be used in crop plants that are resistant to one or more pathogens such as plant pathogenous fungi owing to genetic engineering or breeding. In some embodiments, the compositions and methods disclosed herein can be used in crop plants that are resistant to attack by insects owing to genetic engineering or breeding. Exemplary resistant crops include, but are not limited to, crops that are resistant to photosystem II inhibitors, or crop plants that, owing to introduction of the gene for Bacillus thuringiensis (or Bt) toxin by genetic modification, are resistant to attack by certain insects. In some embodiments, the compositions and methods described herein can be used in conjunction with glyphosate, glufosinate, dicamba, phenoxy auxins, pyridyloxy auxins, aryloxyphenoxypropionates, acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACCase) inhibitors, imidazolinones, acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors, 4-hydroxyphenyl-pyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD) inhibitors, protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors, triazines, and bromoxynil to control vegetation in crops tolerant to glyphosate, glufosinate, dicamba, phenoxy auxins, pyridyloxy auxins, aryloxyphenoxypropionates, acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACCase) inhibitors, imidazolinones, acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors, 4-hydroxyphenyl-pyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD) inhibitors, protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors, triazines, bromoxynil, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the undesirable vegetation is controlled in glyphosate, glufosinate, dicamba, phenoxy auxins, pyridyloxy auxins, aryloxyphenoxypropionates, acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACCase) inhibitors, imidazolinones, acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors, 4-hydroxyphenyl-pyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD) inhibitors, protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors, triazines, and bromoxynil tolerant crops possessing single, multiple or stacked traits conferring tolerance to single or multiple chemistries and/or multiple modes of action. In some embodiments, the undesirable vegetation can be controlled in a crop that is ACCase-tolerant, ALS-tolerant, or a combination thereof. The combination of (a), (b), and a complementary herbicide or salt or ester thereof can be used in combination with herbicides that are selective for the crop being treated and which complement the spectrum of weeds controlled by these compounds at the application rate employed. In some embodiments, the compositions described herein and other complementary herbicides are applied at the same time, either as a combination formulation or as a tank mix, or as sequential applications. The compositions and methods may be used in controlling undesirable vegetation in crops possessing agronomic stress tolerance (including but not limited to drought, cold, heat, salt, water, nutrient, fertility, pH), pest tolerance (including but not limited to insects, fungi and pathogens), and crop improvement traits (including but not limited to yield; protein, carbohydrate, or oil content; protein, carbohydrate, or oil composition; plant stature and plant architecture).

In some embodiments, the compositions disclosed herein can be used for controlling undesirable vegetation including grasses, broadleaf weeds, sedge weeds, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the compositions disclosed herein can be used for controlling undesirable vegetation including, but not limited to, Polygonum species such as wild buckwheat (Polygonum convolvulus), Amaranthus species such as pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus), Chenopodium species such as common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L.), Sida species such as prickly sida (Sida spinosa L.), Ambrosia species such as common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia), Cyperus species such as nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus), Setaria species such as giant foxtail (Setaria faberi), Sorghum species, Acanthospermum species, Anthemis species, Atriplex species, Brassica species, Cirsium species, Convolvulus species, Conyza species, such as horseweed (Conyza canadensis), Cassia species, Commelina species, Datura species, Euphorbia species, Geranium species, Galinsoga species, Ipomea species such as morning-glory, Lamium species, Lactuca species, Malva species, Matricaria species, Prosopis species, Rumex species, Sisymbrium species, Solanum species, Trifolium species, Xanthium species, Veronica species, Viola species such as wild pansy (Viola tricolor), common chickweed (Stellaria media), velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti), hemp sesbania (Sesbania exaltata Cory), Anoda cristata, Bidens pilosa, Brassica kaber, shepherd's purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris), cornflower (Centaurea cyanus or Cyanus segetum), hempnettle (Galeopsis tetrahit), cleavers (Galium aparine), Helianthus annuus, Desmodium tortuosum, kochia (Kochia scoparia), Medicago arabica, Mercurialis annua, Myosotis arvensis, common poppy (Papaver rhoeas), Raphanus raphanistrum, Russian thistle (Salsola kali), wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis), Sonchus arvensis, Thlaspi arvense, Tagetes minuta, Richardia brasiliensis, Plantago major, Plantago lanceolata, bird's-eye speedwell (Veronica persica) and speedwell.

In some embodiments, the undesirable vegetation includes velvetleaf (ABUTH, Abutilon theophrasti), pigweed (AMARE, Amaranthus retroflexus), winter rape (BRSNW, Brassica napus), shepherd's purse (CAPBP, Capsella bursa-pastoris), cornflower (CENCY, Centaurea cyanus or Cyanus segetum), lambsquarters (CHEAL, Chenopodium album), thistle (CIRAR, Cirsium arvense), nutsedge (CYPES, Cyperus esculentus), poinsettia (EPHHL, Euphorbia heterophylla), cleavers (GALAP, Galium aparine), common sunflower (HELAN, Helianthus annuus), kochia (KCHSC, Kochia scoparia), prickly lettuce (LACSE, Lactuca serriola), purple deadnettle (LAMPU, Lamium purpureum), wild chamomile (MATCH, Matricaria chamomilla), common poppy (PAPRH, Papaver rhoeas), wild buckwheat (POLCO, Polygonum convolvulus), Russian thistle (SASKR, Salsola kali), giant foxtail (SETFA, Setaria faberi), green foxtail (SETVI, Setaria viridis), wild mustard (SINAR, Sinapis arvensis), common sorghum (SORVU, Sorghum vulgare), chickweed (STEME, Stellaria media), bird's-eye speedwell (VERPE, Veronica persica), wild pansy (VIOTR, Viola tricolor), or a combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the undesirable vegetation includes velvetleaf (ABUTH, Abutilon theophrasti), pigweed (AMARE, Amaranthus retroflexus), winter rape (BRSNW, Brassica napus), lambsquarters (CHEAL, Chenopodium album), thistle (CIRAR, Cirsium arvense), nutsedge (CYPES, Cyperus esculentus), poinsettia (EPHHL, Euphorbia heterophylla), wild buckwheat (POLCO, Polygonum convolvulus), giant foxtail (SETFA, Setaria faberi), chickweed (STEME, Stellaria media), or a combination thereof.

The herbicidal compositions described herein can be used to control herbicide resistant or tolerant weeds. The methods employing the compositions described herein may also be employed to control herbicide resistant or tolerant weeds. Exemplary resistant or tolerant weeds include, but are not limited to, biotypes resistant or tolerant to acetolactate synthase (ALS) or acetohydroxy acid synthase (AHAS) inhibitors (e.g., imidazolinones, sulfonylureas, pyrimidinylthiobenzoates, triazolopyrimidines, sulfonylaminocarbonyltriazolinones), photosystem II inhibitors (e.g., phenylcarbamates, pyridazinones, triazines, triazinones, uracils, amides, ureas, benzothiadiazinones, nitriles, phenylpyridazines), acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACCase) inhibitors (e.g., aryloxyphenoxypropionates, cyclohexanediones, phenylpyrazolines), synthetic auxins (e.g., benzoic acids, phenoxycarboxylic acids, pyridine carboxylic acids, quinoline carboxylic acids), auxin transport inhibitors (e.g., phthalamates, semicarbazones), photosystem I inhibitors (e.g., bipyridyliums), 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate (EPSP) synthase inhibitors (e.g., glyphosate), glutamine synthetase inhibitors (e.g., glufosinate, bialafos), microtubule assembly inhibitors (e.g., benzamides, benzoic acids, dinitroanilines, phosphoramidates, pyridines), mitosis inhibitors (e.g., carbamates), very long chain fatty acid (VLCFA) inhibitors (e.g., acetamides, chloroacetamides, oxyacetamides, tetrazolinones), fatty acid and lipid synthesis inhibitors (e.g., phosphorodithioates, thiocarbamates, benzofuranes, chlorocarbonic acids), protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors (e.g., diphenylethers, N-phenylphthalimides, oxadiazoles, oxazolidinediones, phenylpyrazoles, pyrimidinediones, thiadiazoles, triazolinones), carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitors (e.g., clomazone, amitrole, aclonifen), phytoene desaturase (PDS) inhibitors (e.g., amides, anilidex, furanones, phenoxybutan-amides, pyridiazinones, pyridines), 4-hydroxyphenyl-pyruvate-dioxygenase (HPPD) inhibitors (e.g., callistemones, isoxazoles, pyrazoles, triketones), cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors (e.g., nitriles, benzamides, quinclorac, triazolocarboxamides), herbicides with multiple modes of action such as quinclorac, and unclassified herbicides such as arylaminopropionic acids, difenzoquat, endothall, and organoarsenicals. Exemplary resistant or tolerant weeds include, but are not limited to, biotypes with resistance or tolerance to multiple herbicides, biotypes with resistance or tolerance to multiple chemical classes, biotypes with resistance or tolerance to multiple herbicide modes of action, and biotypes with multiple resistance or tolerance mechanisms (e.g., target site resistance or metabolic resistance).

By way of non-limiting illustration, examples of certain embodiments of the present disclosure are given below. Parts and percentages are on a per weight basis unless otherwise indicated.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Herbicidal Activity and Effect on Crop Injury on Corn/Maize and Spring Wheat (TRZAS) of Cloquintocet-Mexyl in Combination with Compounds of Formula (I) in Greenhouse Trials

Methodology—Evaluation of Postemergence Herbicidal Safening in Crops Greenhouse Trials

Seeds of the desired test plant species were planted in Sun Gro MetroMix® 306 planting mixture, which typically has a pH of 6.0 to 6.8 and an organic matter content of about 30 percent, in plastic pots with a surface area of 103.2 square centimeters (cm²). When required to ensure good germination and healthy plants, a fungicide treatment and/or other chemical or physical treatment was applied. The plants were grown for 7-36 days (d) in a greenhouse with an approximate 14-hour (h) photoperiod which was maintained at about 23° C. during the day and 22° C. during the night. Nutrients and water were added on a regular basis and supplemental lighting was provided with overhead metal halide 1000-Watt lamps as necessary. The plants were employed for testing when they reached the second or third true leaf stage.

Weighed amounts of technical material were dissolved in a volume of 97:3 volume per volume (v/v) acetone/dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to stock solutions. If the experimental compound did not dissolve readily, the mixture was warmed and/or sonicated. The concentrated stock solutions were diluted with an aqueous mixture of 1.5% v/v of Agri-dex crop oil concentrate to provide the appropriate application rates. Compound requirements are based upon a 12 milliliter (mL) application volume at a rate of 187 liters per hectare (L/ha). Stocks solutions of the safeners were prepared following the same procedure. Spray solutions of the safeners and experimental compound mixtures were prepared by adding the stock solutions to the appropriate amount of dilution solution to form a 12 mL spray solution in two-way combinations. Formulated compounds were applied to the plant material with an overhead Mandel track sprayer equipped with 8002E nozzles calibrated to deliver 187 L/ha over an application area of 0.503 square meters (m²) at a spray height of 18 inches (43 centimeters (cm)) above average plant canopy. Control plants were sprayed in the same manner with the solvent blank. All herbicide application (component a) rates are in g ae/ha and all safener (component b) rates are in g ai/ha.

The treated plants and control plants were placed in a greenhouse as described above and watered by sub-irrigation to prevent wash-off of the test compounds. After 20-22 d, the condition of the test plants as compared with that of the control plants was determined visually and scored on a scale of 0 to 100 percent where 0 corresponds to no injury and 100 corresponds to complete kill. The condition of the test plants was compared with that of the control plants as determined visually and scored on a scale of 0 to 100 percent, where 0 corresponds to no injury and 100 corresponds to complete kill. Colby's equation was used to determine the herbicidal effects expected from the mixtures.

The safener cloquintocet-mexyl was combined with compound 1, compound 2, compound 4, compound 5, and compound 6, and applied to corn/maize (ZEAMX) and spring wheat (TRZAS) and the phytotoxicity of the herbicidal compositions was measured. In addition, the efficacy of the herbicidal composition on velvetleaf (ABUTH, Abutilon theophrasti), pigweed (AMARE, Amaranthus retroflexus), winter rape (BRSNW, Brassica napus), lambsquarters (CHEAL, Chenopodium album), thistle (CIRAR, Cirsium arvense), nutsedge (CYPES, Cyperus esculentus), poinsettia (EPHHL, Euphorbia heterophylla), wild buckwheat (POLCO, Polygonum convolvulus), giant foxtail (SETFA, Setaria faberi), and chickweed (STEME, Stellaria media) was evaluated. The results are summarized in Tables 1-5.

TABLE 1 Effect (% visual injury) of compound 1 on corn/maize (ZEAMX). Application compound 1 35 0 35 rate (g/ha) CQC-m 0 35 35 ZEAMX Ob 40 0 0 Ex — — 40 Δ −40 AMARE Ob 100 0 98 Ex — — 100 Δ 0 0 -2 BRSNW Ob 99 0 99 Ex — — 99 Δ −1 CHEAL Ob 100 0 95 Ex — — 100 Δ −5 CYPES Ob 80 0 75 Ex — — 80 Δ −5 EPHHL Ob 100 0 100 Ex — — 100 Δ 0 POLCO Ob 99 0 96 Ex — — 99 Δ −2 STEME Ob 100 0 100 Ex — — 100 Δ 0 g/ha = grams per hectare CQC-m = Cloquintocet-mexyl ZEAMX = Zea mays (corn/maize) AMARE = Amaranthus retroflexus (pigweed) BRSNW = Brassica napus (winter rape) CHEAL = Chenopodium album (lambsquarters) CYPES = Cyperus esculentus (nutsedge) EPHHL = Euphorbia heterophylla (poinsettia) POLCO = Polygonum convolvulus (wild buckwheat) STEME = Stellaria media (chickweed)

TABLE 2 Effect (% visual injury) of compound 2 on corn/maize (ZEAMX) and spring wheat (TRZAS). Application compound 2 35 0 35 rate (g/ha) CQC-m 0 35 35 ZEAMX Ob 35 0 0 Ex — — 35 Δ −35 TRZAS Ob 15 0 0 Ex 15 Δ −15 ABUTH Ob 80 0 80 Ex — — 80 Δ 0 AMARE Ob 100 0 100 Ex — — 100 Δ 0 BRSNW Ob 100 0 100 Ex — — 100 Δ 0 CHEAL Ob 97 0 93 Ex — — 97 Δ −4 CIRAR Ob 70 0 70 Ex — — 70 Δ 0 CYPES Ob 30 0 30 Ex — — 30 Δ 0 EPHHL Ob 100 0 100 Ex — — 100 Δ 0 POLCO Ob 100 0 100 Ex — — 100 Δ 0 g/ha= grams per hectare CQC-m = Cloquintocet-mexyl ZEAMX = Zea mays (corn/maize) TRZAS = Triticum aestivum (spring wheat) ABUTH = Abutilon theophrasti (Velvetleaf) AMARE = Amaranthus retroflexus (pigweed) BRSNW = Brassica napus (winter rape) CHEAL = Chenopodium album (lambsquarters) CIRAR = Cirsium arvense (thistle) CYPES = Cyperus esculentus (nutsedge) EPHHL = Euphorbia heterophylla (poinsettia) POLCO = Polygonum convolvulus (wild buckwheat)

TABLE 3 Effect (% visual injury) of compound 4 on corn/maize (ZEAMX) and spring wheat (TRZAS). Application compound 4 35 0 35 rate (g/ha) CQC-m 0 35 35 ZEAMX Ob 35 0 0 Ex — — 35 Δ −35 TRZAS Ob 40 0 0 Ex 40 Δ −40 ABUTH Ob 80 0 80 Ex — — 80 Δ 0 AMARE Ob 100 0 100 Ex — — 100 Δ 0 BRSNW Ob 97 0 97 Ex — — 97 Δ 0 CHEAL Ob 97 0 97 Ex — — 97 Δ 0 CIRAR Ob 75 0 80 Ex — — 75 Δ 5 CYPES Ob 0 0 0 Ex — — 0 Δ 0 EPHHL Ob 100 0 100 Ex — — 100 Δ 0 POLCO Ob 100 0 100 Ex — — 100 Δ 0 STEME Ob 93 0 100 Ex — — 93 Δ 7 g/ha=grams per hectare; CQC-m = Cloquintocet-mexyl ZEAMX = Zea mays (corn/maize) TRZAS = Triticum aestivum (spring wheat) ABUTH = Abutilon theophrasti (velvetleaf) AMARE = Amaranthus retroflexus (pigweed) BRSNW = Brassica napus (winter rape) CHEAL = Chenopodium album (lambsquarters) CIRAR = Cirsium arvense (thistle) CYPES = Cyperus esculentus (nutsedge) EPHHL = Euphorbia heterophylla (poinsettia) POLCO = Polygonum convolvulus (wild buckwheat) STEME = Stellaria media (chickweed)

TABLE 4 Effect (% visual injury) of compound 5 on corn/maize (ZEAMX) and spring wheat (TRZAS). Application compound 5 35 0 35 rate (g/ha) CQC-m 0 35 35 ZEAMX Ob 35 0 0 Ex — — 35 Δ −35 TRZAS Ob 45 0 0 Ex 45 Δ −45 ABUTH Ob 80 0 75 Ex — — 80 Δ −5 AMARE Ob 100 0 100 Ex — — 100 Δ 0 BRSNW Ob 97 0 100 Ex — — 97 Δ 3 CHEAL Ob 100 0 97 Ex — — 100 Δ −3 CIRAR Ob 80 0 70 Ex — — 80 Δ −10 CYPES Ob 0 0 0 Ex — — 0 Δ 0 EPHHL Ob 100 0 100 Ex — — 100 Δ 0 POLCO Ob 100 0 97 Ex — — 100 Δ −3 SETFA Ob 60 0 65 Ex — — 60 Δ 5 STEME Ob 85 0 95 Ex — — 85 Δ 10 g/ha = grams per hectare; CQC-m = Cloquintocet-mexyl; ZEAMX = Zea mays (corn/maize); TRZAS = Triticum aestivum (spring wheat); ABUTH = Abutilon theophrasti (Velvetleaf); AMARE = Amaranthus retroflexus (pigweed); BRSNW = Brassica napus (winter rape); CHEAL = Chenopodium album (lambsquarters); CIRAR = Cirsium arvense (thistle); CYPES = Cyperus esculentus (nutsedge); EPHHL = Euphorbia heterophylla (poinsettia); POLCO = Polygonum convolvulus (wild buckwheat); SETFA = Setaria faberi (giant foxtail); STEME = Stellaria media (chickweed)

TABLE 5 Effect (% visual injury) of compound 6 on corn/maize (ZEAMX) and spring wheat (TRZAS). Application compound 6 35 0 35 rate (g/ha) CQC-m 0 35 35 ZEAMX Ob 25 0 0 Ex — — 25 Δ −25 TRZAS Ob 35 0 0 Ex 35 Δ −35 ABUTH Ob 80 0 80 Ex — — 80 Δ 0 AMARE Ob 100 0 100 Ex — — 100 Δ 0 BRSNW Ob 75 0 60 Ex — — 75 Δ −15 CHEAL Ob 100 0 95 Ex — — 100 Δ −5 CIRAR Ob 75 0 70 Ex — — 75 Δ −5 CYPES Ob 0 0 0 Ex — — 0 Δ 0 EPHHL Ob 100 0 100 Ex — — 100 Δ 0 POLCO Ob 97 0 95 Ex — — 97 Δ −2 SETFA Ob 10 0 10 Ex — — 10 Δ 0 g/ha = grams per hectare; CQC-m = Cloquintocet-mexyl; ZEAMX = Zea mays (corn/maize); TRZAS = Triticum aestivum (spring wheat); ABUTH = Abutilon theophrasti (Velvetleaf); AMARE = Amaranthus retroflexus (pigweed); BRSNW = Brassica napus (winter rape); CHEAL = Chenopodium album (lambsquarters); CIRAR = Cirsium arvense (thistle); CYPES = Cyperus esculentus (nutsedge); EPHHL = Euphorbia heterophylla (poinsettia); POLCO = Polygonum convolvulus (wild buckwheat); SETFA = Setaria faberi (giant foxtail)

Example 2 Herbicidal Activity and Effect on Crop Injury on Wheat and Barley of Cloquintocet-Mexyl in Combination with Compounds of Formula (I) in Greenhouse Trials

Methodology—Evaluation of Postemergence Herbicidal Safening in Cereal Crops Greenhouse Trials

Seeds of the desired test plant species were planted in Sun Gro MetroMix® 306 planting mixture, which typically has a pH of 6.0 to 6.8 and an organic matter content of about 30 percent, in plastic pots with a surface area of 103.2 square centimeters (cm²). When required to ensure good germination and healthy plants, a fungicide treatment and/or other chemical or physical treatment was applied. The plants were grown for 7-36 days (d) in a greenhouse with an approximate 14-hour (h) photoperiod which was maintained at about 23° C. during the day and 22° C. during the night. Nutrients and water were added on a regular basis and supplemental lighting was provided with overhead metal halide 1000-Watt lamps as necessary. The plants were employed for testing when they reached the second or third true leaf stage.

Weighed amounts of technical material were dissolved in a volume of 97:3 volume per volume (v/v) acetone/dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to stock solutions. If the experimental compound did not dissolve readily, the mixture was warmed and/or sonicated. The concentrated stock solutions were diluted with an aqueous mixture of 1.5% v/v of Agri-dex crop oil concentrate to provide the appropriate application rates. Compound requirements are based upon a 12 milliliter (mL) application volume at a rate of 187 liters per hectare (L/ha). Stocks solutions of the safeners were prepared following the same procedure. Spray solutions of the safeners and experimental compound mixtures were prepared by adding the stock solutions to the appropriate amount of dilution solution to form a 12 mL spray solution in two-way combinations. Formulated compounds were applied to the plant material with an overhead Mandel track sprayer equipped with 8002E nozzles calibrated to deliver 187 L/ha over an application area of 0.503 square meters (m²) at a spray height of 18 inches (43 centimeters (cm)) above average plant canopy. Control plants were sprayed in the same manner with the solvent blank. All herbicide application (component a) rates are in g ae/ha and all safener (component b) rates are in g ai/ha.

The treated plants and control plants were placed in a greenhouse as described above and watered by sub-irrigation to prevent wash-off of the test compounds. After 20-22 d, the condition of the test plants as compared with that of the control plants was determined visually and scored on a scale of 0 to 100 percent where 0 corresponds to no injury and 100 corresponds to complete kill. The condition of the test plants was compared with that of the control plants as determined visually and scored on a scale of 0 to 100 percent, where 0 corresponds to no injury and 100 corresponds to complete kill. Colby's equation was used to determine the herbicidal effects expected from the mixtures.

The safener cloquintocet-mexyl was combined with compound 1, compound 2, compound 3, compound 7, compound 8, compound 9, compound 10, compound 11, compound 12, compound 13, compound 14, compound 15, compound 16, compound 17, compound 18, compound 19, and compound 20, and applied to spring wheat (TRZAS), winter wheat (TRZAW), and spring barley (HORVS) and the phytotoxicity of the herbicidal compositions was measured. In addition, the efficacy of the herbicidal composition on velvetleaf (ABUTH, Abutilon theophrasti), pigweed (AMARE, Amaranthus retroflexus), winter rape (BRSNW, Brassica napus), shepherd's purse (CAPBP, Capsella bursa-pastoris), cornflower (CENCY, Centaurea cyanus or Cyanus segetum), lambsquarters (CHEAL, Chenopodium album), thistle (CIRAR, Cirsium arvense), nutsedge (CYPES, Cyperus esculentus), poinsettia (EPHHL, Euphorbia heterophylla), cleavers (GALAP, Galium aparine), kochia (KCHSC, Kochia scoparia), prickly lettuce (LACSE, Lactuca serriola), purple deadnettle (LAMPU, Lamium purpureum), wild chamomile (MATCH, Matricaria chamomilla), common poppy (PAPRH, Papaver rhoeas), wild buckwheat (POLCO, Polygonum convolvulus), Russian thistle (SASKR, Salsola kali), giant foxtail (SETFA, Setaria faberi), green foxtail (SETVI, Setaria viridis), wild mustard (SINAR, Sinapis arvensis), common sorghum (SORVU, Sorghum vulgare), chickweed (STEME, Stellaria media), bird's-eye speedwell (VERPE, Veronica persica), wild pansy (VIOTR, Viola tricolor) was evaluated. The results are summarized in Tables 6-22.

TABLE 6 Effect (% visual injury) of compound 1 on barley (HORVS), spring wheat (TRZAS), and winter wheat (TRZAW). compound 1 Application 4.375 8.75 17.5 35 70 0 0 0 0 0 4.375 8.75 17.5 35 70 rate (g/ha) CQC-m 0 0 0 0 0 4.375 8.75 17.5 35 70 4.375 8.75 17.5 35 70 HORVS Ob 13 13 24 32  41 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 4 2 6 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 13 13 24 32 41 Δ −11 −12 −20 −30 −35 TRZAS Ob 13 16 31 39  51 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 4 6 10 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 13 16 31 39 51 Δ −11 −14 −27 −32 −41 TRZAW Ob 40  50 0 0 0 0 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 40 50 Δ −40 −50 AMARE Ob 81 91 99 100  100 0 0 0 0 0 84 92 97 100 100 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 81 91 99 100 100 Δ 3 1 −2 0 0 BRSNW Ob 79 84 96 99 100 0 0 0 0 0 68 86 93 100 100 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 79 84 96 99 100 Δ −12 1 −3 1 0 CAPBP Ob 70 100  100  100  100 0 0 0 0 0 70 100 100 100 100 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 70 100 100 100 100 Δ 0 0 0 0 0 CENCY Ob 100  100  100  100  100 0 0 0 0 0 100 100 100 100 100 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 100 100 100 100 100 Δ 0 0 0 0 0 CHEAL Ob 86 95 99 100 100 0 0 0 0 0 81 89 98 98 100 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 86 95 99 100 100 Δ −5 −7 −2 −3 0 CIRAR Ob 35 62 80 90  96 0 0 0 0 0 33 65 82 93 97 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 35 62 80 90 96 Δ −2 3 2 3 1 KCHSC Ob 67 72 93 92  97 0 0 0 0 0 63 74 88 96 95 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 67 72 93 92 97 Δ −5 3 −4 3 −3 LACSE Ob 70 93 100  100  100 0 0 0 0 0 70 95 100 100 100 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 70 93 100 100 100 Δ 0 2 0 0 0 LAMPU Ob 76 86 90 98 100 0 0 0 0 0 76 85 95 96 97 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 76 86 90 98 100 Δ 0 −1 5 −2 −3 PAPRH Ob 97 99 100  100  100 0 0 0 0 0 96 98 100 100 100 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 97 99 100 100 100 Δ −1 −1 0 0 0 SASKR Ob 66 70 82 90  91 0 0 0 0 0 65 75 82 90 91 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 66 70 82 90 91 Δ −1 5 −1 0 −1 SINAR Ob 85 88 98 99 100 0 0 0 0 0 79 93 96 96 98 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 85 88 98 99 100 Δ −6 5 −1 −3 −3 VERPE Ob 93 95 98 99  99 0 0 0 0 0 90 94 97 99 99 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 93 95 98 99 99 Δ −4 0 −1 0 0 g/ha = grams per hectare CQC-m = Cloquintocet-mexyl HORVS = Hordeum vulgare (spring barley) TRZAS = Triticum aestivum (spring wheat) TRZAW = Triticum aestivum (winter wheat) AMARE = Amaranthus retroflexus (pigweed) BRSNW = Brassica napus (winter rape) CAPBP = Capsella bursa-pastoris (shepherd's purse) CENCY = Centaurea cyanus or Cyanus segetum (cornflower) CHEAL = Chenopodium album (lambsquarters) CIRAR = Cirsium arvense (thistle) KCHSC = Kochia scoparia (kochia) LACSE = Lactuca serriola (prickly lettuce) LAMPU = Lamium purpureum (LAMPU) PAPRH = Papaver rhoeas (common poppy) SASKR = Salsola kali (Russian thistle) SINAR = Sinapis arvensis (wild mustard) VERPE = Veronica persica (bird's-eye speedwell)

TABLE 7 Effect (% visual injury) of compound 2 on barley (HORVS), spring wheat (TRZAS), and winter wheat (TRZAW). compound 2 Application 4.380 8.75 17.5 35 70 140 0 0 0 0 0 0 4.375 8.75 17.5 35 70 140 rate (g/ha) CQC-m 0 0 0 0 0 0 4.380 8.75 17.5 35 70 140 4.375 8.75 17.5 35 70 140 HORVS Ob  5 10 28  33  40 0 0 0 3 7 Ex — — — — — — — — — — — — 5 10 28 33 40 Δ −5 −10 −28 −30 −33 TRZAS Ob  8 15 28  40  50 0 0 0 5 10 Ex — — — — — — — — — — — — 8 15 28 40 50 Δ −8 −15 −28 −35 −40 TRZAW Ob  20  30 50 0 0 0 Ex — — — — — — — — — — — — 0 0 0 20 30 50 Δ 0 0 0 −20 −30 −50 AMARE Ob 80 95 100  80 85 100 Ex — — — — — — — — — — — — 80 95 100 Δ 0 −10 0 BRSNW Ob 84 88 55 100 100 70 80 99 100 100 Ex — — — — — — — — — — — — 84 88 55 100 100 Δ −14 −8 44 0 0 CAPBP Ob 20 30 100  100 100 30 70 93 100 100 Ex — — — — — — — — — — — — 20 30 100 100 100 Δ 10 40 −7 0 0 CENCY Ob 100  100  100  100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Ex — — — — — — — — — — — — 100 100 100 100 100 Δ 0 0 0 0 0 CHEAL Ob 85 95 97 100 100 80 95 100 100 100 Ex — — — — — — — — — — — — 85 95 97 100 100 Δ −5 0 3 0 0 CIRAR Ob 35 63 80  99  99 25 55 89 99 99 Ex — — — — — — — — — — — — 35 63 80 99 99 Δ −10 −8 9 0 0 GALAP Ob 20 30 93  85  97 25 40 50 100 100 Ex — — — — — — — — — — — — 20 30 93 85 97 Δ 5 10 −43 15 3 KCHSC Ob 93 95 98  99 100 95 87 97 98 98 98 95 Ex — — — — — — — — — — — — 93 95 98 99 100 95 Δ −7 2 0 −1 2 0 LACSE Ob 40 99 99 100 100 97 97 100 100 100 Ex — — — — — — — — — — — — 40 99 99 100 100 Δ 57 −2 1 0 0 LAMPU Ob 85 93 95 100 100 85 85 93 97 91 Ex — — — — — — — — — — — — 85 93 95 100 100 Δ 0 −8 −2 −3 −9 MATCH Ob 30 58 91  98 100 35 68 75 93 95 Ex — — — — — — — — — — — — 30 58 91 98 100 Δ 5 10 −16 −5 −5 PAPRH Ob 93 100  100  100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Ex — — — — — — — — — — — — 93 100 100 100 100 Δ 7 0 0 0 0 SASKR Ob 75 85 89  92  92 80 85 89 92 94 Ex — — — — — — — — — — — — 75 85 89 92 92 Δ 5 0 0 0 3 SETVI Ob 100  97 98 70 100 93 Ex — — — — — — — — — — — — 0 0 0 100 97 98 Δ 0 0 0 −30 3 −5 SINAR Ob 94 95 99 100 100 89 94 98 100 100 Ex — — — — — — — — — — — — 94 95 99 100 100 Δ −5 −1 −2 0 0 STEME Ob 25 68 97 100 100 15 50 75 97 94 Ex — — — — — — — — — — — — 25 68 97 100 100 Δ −10 −18 −22 −4 −6 VERPE Ob 75 95 100  100 100 78 93 98 99 100 Ex — — — — — — — — — — — — 75 95 100 100 100 Δ 3 −3 −3 −2 0 g/ha = grams per hectare CQC-m = Cloquintocet-mexyl HORVS = Hordeum vulgare (spring barley) TRZAS = Triticum aestivum (spring wheat) TRZAW = Triticum aestivum (winter wheat) AMARE = Amaranthus retroflexus (pigweed) BRSNW = Brassica napus (winter rape) CAPBP = Capsella bursa-pastoris (shepherd's purse) CENCY = Centaurea cyanus or Cyanus segetum (cornflower) CHEAL = Chenopodium album (lambsquarters) CIRAR = Cirsium arvense (thistle) GALAP = Galium aparine (cleavers) KCHSC = Kochia scoparia (kochia) LACSE = Lactuca serriola (prickly lettuce) LAMPU = Lamium purpureum (LAMPU) MATCH = Matricaria chamomilla (wild chamomile) PAPRH = Papaver rhoeas (common poppy) SASKR = Salsola kali (Russian thistle) SETVI = Setaria viridis (green foxtail) SINAR = Sinapis arvensis (wild mustard) STEME = Stellaria media (chickweed) VERPE = Veronica persica (bird's-eye speedwell)

TABLE 8 Effect (% visual injury) of compound 3 on spring wheat (TRZAS). Application compound 3 35 0 35 rate (g/ha) CQC-m 0 35 35 TRZAS Ob 30 0 10 Ex — — 30 Δ −20 ABUTH Ob 50 0 50 Ex — — 50 Δ 0 AMARE Ob 95 0 90 Ex — — 95 Δ −5 BRSNW Ob 30 0 30 Ex — — 30 Δ 0 CHEAL Ob 85 0 97 Ex — — 85 Δ 12 CIRAR Ob 50 0 60 Ex — — 50 Δ 10 CYPES Ob 10 0 0 Ex — — 10 Δ −10 EPHHL Ob 100 0 100 Ex — — 100 Δ 0 POLCO Ob 97 0 97 Ex — — 97 Δ 0 SETFA Ob 60 0 0 Ex — — 60 Δ −60 SORVU Ob 10 0 0 Ex — — 10 Δ −10 STEME Ob 70 0 50 Ex — — 70 Δ −20 VIOTR Ob 10 0 10 Ex — — 10 Δ 0 ZEAMX Ob 0 0 0 Ex — — 0 Δ 0 g/ha = grams per hectare; CQC-m = Cloquintocet-mexyl; TRZAS = Triticum aestivum (spring wheat); ABUTH = Abutilon theophrasti (velvetleaf); AMARE = Amaranthus retroflexus (pigweed); BRSNW = Brassica napus (winter rape); CHEAL = Chenopodium album (lambsquarters); CIRAR = Cirsium arvense (thistle); CYPES = Cyperus esculentus (nutsedge); EPHHL = Euphorbia heterophylla (poinsettia); POLCO = Polygonum convolvulus (wild buckwheat); SETFA = Setaria faberi (giant foxtail); SORVU = Sorghum vulgare (common sorghum); STEME = Stellaria media (chickweed); VIOTR = Viola tricolor (wild pansy); ZEAMX = Zea mays (corn/maize);

TABLE 9 Effect (% visual injury) of compound 7 on barley (HORVS) and spring wheat (TRZAS). compound 7 Application 20 0 0 0 20 20 20 rate (g/ha) CQC-m 0 20 40 80 20 20 20 HORVS Ob  5 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ex — — — — 5 5 5 Δ −5 −5 −5 TRZAS Ob 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ex — — — — 10 10 10 Δ −10 −10 −10 AMARE Ob 88 0 0 0 96 98 99 Ex — — — — 88 88 88 Δ 9 10 11 CHEAL Ob 90 0 0 0 87 84 70 Ex — — — — 90 90 90 Δ −4 −7 −20 KCHSC Ob 65 0 0 0 68 75 70 Ex — — — — 65 65 65 Δ 3 10 5 g/ha = grams per hectare CQC-m = Cloquintocet-mexyl HORVS = Hordeum vulgare (spring barley) TRZAS = Triticum aestivum (spring wheat) AMARE = Amaranthus retroflexus (pigweed) CHEAL = Chenopodium album (lambsquarters) KCHSC = Kochia scoparia (kochia)

TABLE 10 Effect (% visual injury) of compound 8 on barley (HORVS) and spring wheat (TRZAS). compound 8 Application 4.380 8.75 17.5 35 70 0 0 0 0 0 4.375 8.75 17.5 35 70 rate (g/ha) CQC-m 0 0 0 0 0 4.375 8.75 17.5 35 70 4.375 8.75 17.5 35 70 HORVS Ob 12 18 31 43 53 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 5 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 12 18 31 43 53 Δ −12 −18 −31 −40 −48 TRZAS Ob  7 11 35 48 60 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 5 5 10 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 7 11 35 48 60 Δ −7 −10 −30 −43 −50 CHEAL Ob 86 92 99 100  100  0 0 0 0 0 80 91 95 99 100 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 86 92 99 100 100 Δ −6 −1 −4 −1 0 KCHSC Ob 69 77 81 95 95 0 0 0 0 0 68 73 88 92 97 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 69 77 81 95 95 Δ −2 −4 7 −3 2 PAPRH Ob 97 99 100  100  100  0 0 0 0 0 95 98 100 100 100 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 97 99 100 100 100 Δ −2 −1 0 0 0 POLCO Ob 85 97 93 100  100  0 0 0 0 0 90 97 95 100 100 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 85 97 93 100 100 Δ 5 0 2 0 0 SASKR Ob 61 69 83 85 90 0 0 0 0 0 46 71 81 85 87 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 61 69 83 85 90 Δ −15 3 −1 0 −3 SINAR Ob 76 82 96 99 98 0 0 0 0 0 78 83 89 92 98 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 76 82 96 99 98 Δ 2 1 −7 −7 1 VERPE Ob 83 92 96 98 100  0 0 0 0 0 84 86 93 95 99 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 83 92 96 98 100 Δ 0 −5 −3 −3 −2 g/ha = grams per hectare CQC-m = Cloquintocet-mexyl HORVS = Hordeum vulgare (spring barley) TRZAS = Triticum aestivum (spring wheat) CHEAL = Chenopodium album (lambsquarters) KCHSC = Kochia scoparia (kochia) PAPRH = Papaver rhoeas (common poppy) POLCO = Polygonum convolvulus (wild buckwheat) SASKR = Salsola kali (Russian thistle) SINAR = Sinapis arvensis (wild mustard) VERPE = Veronica persica (bird's-eye speedwell)

TABLE 11 Effect (% visual injury) of compound 9 on barley (HORVS) and spring wheat (TRZAS). compound 9 Application 4.380 8.75 17.5 35 70 0 0 0 0 0 4.375 8.75 17.5 35 70 rate (g/ha) CQC-m 0 0 0 0 0 4.375 8.75 17.5 35 70 4.375 8.75 17.5 35 70 HORVS Ob 10 20 30 40  50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 10 20 30 40 50 Δ −10 −20 −30 −40 −40 TRZAS Ob 10 25 30 50  60 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 10 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 10 25 30 50 60 Δ −10 −25 −30 −40 −50 AMARE Ob 10 20 50 100 0 0 0 0 0 80 93 95 100 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 10 20 50 0 100 Δ 70 73 45 0 0 BRSNW Ob 60 60 90 98 100 0 0 0 0 0 60 80 85 98 100 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 60 60 90 98 100 Δ 0 20 −5 0 0 CHEAL Ob 85 80 95 100  100 0 0 0 0 0 75 85 95 97 100 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 85 80 95 100 100 Δ −10 5 0 −3 0 CIRAR Ob 10 30 70 95  97 0 0 0 0 0 20 30 75 90 95 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 10 30 70 95 97 Δ 10 0 5 −5 −2 KCHSC Ob 60 60 85 100  100 0 0 0 0 0 50 70 85 100 100 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 60 60 85 100 100 Δ −10 10 0 0 0 LAMPU Ob 83 90 100  100  100 0 0 0 0 0 80 87 97 91 100 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 83 90 100 100 100 Δ −3 −3 −3 −9 0 PAPRH Ob 90 87 100  93 100 0 0 0 0 0 85 90 93 95 100 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 90 87 100 93 100 Δ −5 3 −7 2 0 SASKR Ob 65 70 80 85  87 0 0 0 0 0 70 80 80 85 85 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 65 70 80 85 87 Δ 5 10 0 0 −2 SINAR Ob 93 95 95 100  100 0 0 0 0 0 90 90 95 100 100 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 93 95 95 100 100 Δ −3 −5 0 0 0 g/ha = grams per hectare CQC-m = Cloquintocet-mexyl HORVS = Hordeum vulgare (spring barley) TRZAS = Triticum aestivum (spring wheat) AMARE = Amaranthus retroflexus (pigweed) BRSNW = Brassica napus (winter rape) CHEAL = Chenopodium album (lambsquarters) CIRAR = Cirsium arvense (thistle) KCHSC = Kochia scoparia (kochia) LAMPU = Lamium purpureum (LAMPU) PAPRH = Papaver rhoeas (common poppy) SASKR = Salsola kali (Russian thistle) SINAR = Sinapis arvensis (wild mustard)

TABLE 12 Effect (% visual injury) of compound 10 on barley (HORVS) and spring wheat (TRZAS). compound 10 Application 4.380 8.75 17.5 35 70 0 0 0 0 0 4.375 8.75 17.5 35 70 rate (g/ha) CQC-m 0 0 0 0 0 4.375 8.75 17.5 35 70 4.375 8.75 17.5 35 70 HORVS Ob  0 10 20  20  40 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 0 10 20 20 40 Δ 0 −10 −20 −20 −40 TRZAS Ob 10 25 40  60  70 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 10 25 40 60 70 Δ −10 −25 −40 −60 −60 BRSNW Ob 85 95 100  100 100 0 0 0 0 0 85 95 100 100 100 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 85 95 100 100 100 Δ 0 0 0 0 0 CAPBP Ob 30 60 100  100 100 0 0 0 0 0 100 100 100 100 100 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 30 60 100 100 100 Δ 70 40 0 0 0 CENCY Ob 100  100  100  100 100 0 0 0 0 0 100 100 100 100 100 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 100 100 100 100 100 Δ 0 0 0 0 0 CIRAR Ob 30 40 60  85 100 0 0 0 0 0 30 40 70 85 95 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 30 40 60 85 100 Δ 0 0 10 0 −5 KCHSC Ob 80 80 100  100 100 0 0 0 0 0 80 95 95 100 100 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 80 80 100 100 100 Δ 0 15 −5 0 0 LACSE Ob 95 100  100  100 100 0 0 0 0 0 85 97 95 100 100 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 95 100 100 100 100 Δ −10 −3 −5 0 0 SASKR Ob 70 80 87  90  93 0 0 0 0 0 75 80 85 85 90 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 70 80 87 90 93 Δ 5 0 −2 −5 −3 SINAR Ob 90 93 97 100 100 0 0 0 0 0 90 95 95 95 100 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 90 93 97 100 100 Δ 0 2 −2 −5 0 VERPE Ob 70 85 90 100 100 0 0 0 0 0 80 90 93 100 100 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 70 85 90 100 100 Δ 10 5 3 0 0 g/ha = grams per hectare CQC-m = Cloquintocet-mexyl HORVS = Hordeum vulgare (spring barley) TRZAS = Triticum aestivum (spring wheat) BRSNW = Brassica napus (winter rape) CAPBP = Capsella bursa-pastoris (shepherd's purse) CENCY = Centaurea cyanus or Cyanus segetum (cornflower) CIRAR = Cirsium arvense (thistle) KCHSC = Kochia scoparia (kochia) LACSE = Lactuca serriola (prickly lettuce) SASKR = Salsola kali (Russian thistle) SINAR = Sinapis arvensis (wild mustard) VERPE = Veronica persica (bird's-eye speedwell)

TABLE 13 Effect (% visual injury) of compound 11 on barley (HORVS) and spring wheat (TRZAS). compound 11 Application 17.5 35 70 0 0 0 17.5 35 70 rate (g/ha) CQC-m 0 0 0 17.5 35 70 17.5 35 70 HORVS Ob 10 20 40 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ex — — — — — — 10 20 40 Δ −10 −20 −40 TRZAS Ob 10 20 40 0 0 0 0 0 10 Ex — — — — — — 10 20 40 Δ −10 −20 −30 BRSNW Ob 95 100  100  0 0 0 95 95 100 Ex — — — — — — 95 100 100 Δ 0 −5 0 KCHSC Ob 70 90 90 0 0 0 60 85 85 Ex — — — — — — 70 90 90 Δ −10 −5 −5 LACSE Ob  0 10 40 0 0 0 0 50 80 Ex — — — — — — 0 10 40 Δ 0 40 40 SINAR Ob 95 100  100  0 0 0 95 95 100 Ex — — — — — — 95 100 100 Δ 0 −5 0 VERPE Ob 85 90 95 0 0 0 90 95 95 Ex — — — — — — 85 90 95 Δ 5 5 0 g/ha = grams per hectare CQC-m = Cloquintocet-mexyl HORVS = Hordeum vulgare (spring barley) TRZAS = Triticum aestivum (spring wheat) BRSNW = Brassica napus (winter rape) KCHSC = Kochia scoparia (kochia) LACSE = Lactuca serriola (prickly lettuce) SINAR = Sinapis arvensis (wild mustard) VERPE = Veronica persica (bird's-eye speedwell)

TABLE 14 Effect (% visual injury) of compound 12 on barley (HORVS) and spring wheat (TRZAS). compound 12 Application 4.380 8.75 17.5 35 70 0 0 0 0 0 4.375 8.75 17.5 35 70 rate (g/ha) CQC-m 0 0 0 0 0 4.375 8.75 17.5 35 70 4.375 8.75 17.5 35 70 HORVS Ob 18 23 37 47 60 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 18 23 37 47 60 Δ −18 −23 −37 −47 −50 TRZAS Ob 15 27 42 53 70 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 13 20 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 15 27 42 53 70 Δ −15 −27 −34 −41 −50 CAPBP Ob 70 100  100  100  100  0 0 0 0 0 100 100 100 100 100 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 70 100 100 100 100 Δ 30 0 0 0 0 CENCY Ob 85 95 100  100  100  0 0 0 0 0 100 100 100 100 100 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 85 95 100 100 100 Δ 15 5 0 0 0 CHEAL Ob 40 50 72 88 91 0 0 0 0 0 60 70 75 80 85 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 40 50 72 88 91 Δ 20 20 4 −8 −6 KCHSC Ob 15 62 82 95 95 0 0 0 0 0 45 65 75 85 89 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 15 62 82 95 95 Δ 30 3 −7 −10 −7 LAMPU Ob 60 75 80 90 97 0 0 0 0 0 60 70 95 97 97 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 60 75 80 90 97 Δ 0 −5 15 7 0 MATCH Ob  5  3  7 10 13 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 5 5 40 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 5 3 7 10 13 Δ 0 2 −2 −5 27 PAPRH Ob 90 93 95 100  100  0 0 0 0 0 85 85 95 100 100 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 90 93 95 100 100 Δ −5 −8 0 0 0 SASKR Ob 10 33 52 72 88 0 0 0 0 0 10 45 58 75 85 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 10 33 52 72 88 Δ 0 12 6 3 −3 g/ha = grams per hectare CQC-m = Cloquintocet-mexyl HORVS = Hordeum vulgare (spring barley) TRZAS = Triticum aestivum (spring wheat) CAPBP = Capsella bursa-pastoris (shepherd's purse) CENCY = Centaurea cyanus or Cyanus segetum (cornflower) CHEAL = Chenopodium album (lambsquarters) KCHSC = Kochia scoparia (kochia) LAMPU = Lamium purpureum (LAMPU) MATCH = Matricaria chamomilla (wild chamomile) PAPRH = Papaver rhoeas (common poppy) SASKR = Salsola kali (Russian thistle)

TABLE 15 Effect (% visual injury) of compound 13 on barley (HORVS), spring wheat (TRZAS), and winter wheat (TRZAW). compound 13 Application 4.375 8.75 17.5 35 70 0 0 0 0 0 4.375 8.75 17.5 35 70 rate (g/ha) CQC-m 0 0 0 0 0 4.375 8.75 17.5 35 70 4.375 8.75 17.5 35 70 HORVS Ob 30 38 55 64  73 0 0 0 0 0 3 7 13 20 24 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 30 38 55 64 73 Δ −27 −32 −42 −44 −49 TRZAS Ob 40 53 67 80  87 0 0 0 0 0 15 25 35 43 52 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 40 53 67 80 87 Δ −25 −28 −32 −37 −35 TRZAW Ob 70  80 0 0 40 50 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 70 80 Δ −30 −30 BRSNW Ob 100  100  100  100  100 0 0 0 0 0 98 100 100 100 100 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 100 100 100 100 100 Δ −2 0 0 0 0 CAPBP Ob 85 100  100  100  100 0 0 0 0 0 70 100 100 100 100 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 85 100 100 100 100 Δ −15 0 0 0 0 CENCY Ob 100  100  100  100  100 0 0 0 0 0 93 100 100 100 100 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 100 100 100 100 100 Δ −7 0 0 0 0 GALAP Ob 40 70 80 100  100 0 0 0 0 0 60 90 93 100 100 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 40 70 80 100 100 Δ 20 20 13 0 0 KCHSC Ob 55 84 89 92  93 0 0 0 0 0 67 75 88 96 97 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 55 84 89 92 93 Δ 12 −9 −1 4 4 LACSE Ob 85 93 95 95 100 0 0 0 0 0 95 100 100 100 100 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 85 93 95 95 100 Δ 10 7 5 5 0 PAPRH Ob 90 100  100  100  100 0 0 0 0 0 90 100 100 100 100 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 90 100 100 100 100 Δ 0 0 0 0 0 SASKR Ob 50 65 77 83  91 0 0 0 0 0 47 60 75 82 91 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 50 65 77 83 91 Δ −3 −5 −2 −2 0 SINAR Ob 95 100  100  100  100 0 0 0 0 0 95 100 100 100 100 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 95 100 100 100 100 Δ 0 0 0 0 0 VERPE Ob 85 93 98 98 100 0 0 0 0 0 78 88 92 95 95 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 85 93 98 98 100 Δ −8 −5 −6 −3 −5 g/ha = grams per hectare; CQC-m = Cloqumtocet-mexyl; HORVS = Hordeum vulgare (spring barley); TRZAS = Triticum aestivum (spring wheat); TRZAW = Triticum aestivum (winter wheat); BRSNW = Brassica napus (winter rape); CAPBP = Capsella bursa-pastoris (shepherd's purse); CENCY = Centaurea cyanus or Cyanus segetum (cornflower); GALAP = Galium aparine (cleavers); KCHSC = Kochia scoparia (kochia); LACSE = Lactuca serriola (prickly lettuce); PAPRH = Papaver rhoeas (common poppy); SASKR = Salsola kali (Russian thistle); SINAR = Sinapis arvensis (wild mustard); VERPE = Veronica persica (bird's-eye speedwell)

TABLE 16 Effect (% visual injury) of compound 14 on barley (HORVS) and spring wheat (TRZAS). compound 14 Application 4.380 8.75 17.5 35 70 0 0 0 0 0 4.375 8.75 17.5 35 70 rate (g/ha) CQC-m 0 0 0 0 0 4.375 8.75 17.5 35 70 4.375 8.75 17.5 35 70 HORVS Ob 0  0 10 20 40 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 0 0 10 20 40 Δ 0 0 −10 −20 −40 TRZAS Ob 0  0  0 10 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 0 0 0 10 30 Δ 0 0 0 −10 −30 AMARE Ob 10  10 20 0 0 0 0 0 10 30 50 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 10 10 20 0 0 Δ 0 20 30 0 0 GALAP Ob 10  10 20 30 60 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 20 30 60 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 10 10 20 30 60 Δ −10 0 0 0 0 SASKR Ob 0 10 50 60 70 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 50 60 70 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 0 10 50 60 70 Δ 0 0 0 0 0 g/ha = grams per hectare CQC-m = Cloquintocet-mexyl HORVS = Hordeum vulgare (spring barley) TRZAS = Triticum aestivum (spring wheat) AMARE = Amaranthus retroflexus (pigweed) GALAP = Galium aparine (cleavers) SASKR = Salsola kali (Russian thistle)

TABLE 17 Effect (% visual injury) of compound 15 on barley (HORVS) and spring wheat (TRZAS). compound 15 Application 4.375 8.75 17.5 35 70 0 0 0 0 0 4.375 8.75 17.5 35 70 rate (g/ha) CQC-m 0 0 0 0 0 4.375 8.75 17.5 35 70 4.375 8.75 17.5 35 70 HORVS Ob  0  0  0 10 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 0 0 0 10 10 Δ 0 0 0 −10 −10 TRZAS Ob  0 10 15 20 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 10 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 0 10 15 20 25 Δ 0 −10 −15 −10 −15 AMARE Ob 70 100  100  100  0 0 0 0 0 70 100 100 100 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 70 100 100 100 0 Δ 0 0 0 0 0 BRSNW Ob 40 40 50 70 60 0 0 0 0 0 30 40 60 70 80 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 40 40 50 70 60 Δ −10 0 10 0 20 GALAP Ob 85 85 93 93 90 0 0 0 0 0 93 93 95 97 97 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 85 85 93 93 90 Δ 8 8 2 4 7 KCHSC Ob 10 10 50 60 75 0 0 0 0 0 10 50 90 90 85 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 10 10 50 60 75 Δ 0 40 40 30 10 LAMPU Ob 93 95 93 93 95 0 0 0 0 0 93 93 95 95 95 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 93 95 93 93 95 Δ 0 −2 2 2 0 PAPRH Ob 90 100  100  100  0 0 0 0 93 100 100 100 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 90 100 100 100 Δ 3 0 0 0 SASKR Ob 10 10 10 60 70 0 0 0 0 0 10 10 50 60 80 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 10 10 10 60 70 Δ 0 0 40 0 10 SINAR Ob 93 100  100  100  100  0 0 0 0 0 95 100 100 100 100 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 93 100 100 100 100 Δ 2 0 0 0 0 VERPE Ob 85 85 90 93 95 0 0 0 0 0 80 90 93 93 95 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 85 85 90 93 95 Δ −5 5 3 0 0 VIOTR Ob  0 10 10 20 30 0 0 0 0 0 10 20 20 30 40 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 0 10 10 20 30 Δ 10 10 10 10 10 g/ha = grams per hectare; CQC-m = Cloquintocet-mexyl; HORVS = Hordeum vulgare (spring barley); TRZAS = Triticum aestivum (spring wheat); AMARE = Amaranthus retroflexus (pigweed); BRSNW = Brassica napus (winter rape); GALAP = Galium aparine (cleavers); KCHSC = Kochia scoparia (kochia); LAMPU = Lamium purpureum (LAMPU); PAPRH = Papaver rhoeas (common poppy); SASKR = Salsola kali (Russian thistle); SINAR = Sinapis arvensis (wild mustard); VERPE = Veronica persica (bird's-eye speedwell); VIOTR = Viola tricolor (wild pansy)

TABLE 18 Effect (% visual injury) of compound 16 on barley (HORVS) and spring wheat (TRZAS). compound 16 Application 4.375 8.75 17.5 35 70 0 0 0 0 0 4.375 8.75 17.5 35 70 rate (g/ha) CQC-m 0 0 0 0 0 4.375 8.75 17.5 35 70 4.375 8.75 17.5 35 70 HORVS Ob 15 15 25 35 40 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 15 15 25 35 40 Δ −15 −15 −25 −35 −40 TRZAS Ob 10 10 20 30 40 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 10 10 20 30 40 Δ −10 −10 −20 −30 −40 AMARE Ob 70 80 85 100  100  0 0 0 0 0 70 70 80 100 100 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 70 80 85 100 100 Δ 0 −10 −5 0 0 BRSNW Ob 30 40 65 70 90 0 0 0 0 0 40 60 70 90 95 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 30 40 65 70 90 Δ 10 20 5 20 5 KCHSC Ob 60 70 85 90 90 0 0 0 0 0 50 70 85 95 95 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 60 70 85 90 90 Δ −10 0 0 5 5 PAPRH Ob 70 70 100  100  100  0 0 0 0 0 70 80 85 100 100 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 70 70 100 100 100 Δ 0 10 −15 0 0 SINAR Ob 90 93 95 100  100  0 0 0 0 0 93 95 97 97 100 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 90 93 95 100 100 Δ 3 2 2 −3 0 VIOTR Ob 10 10 20 30 40 0 0 0 0 0 10 10 10 10 20 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 10 10 20 30 40 Δ 0 0 −10 −20 −20 g/ha = grams per hectare CQC-m = Cloquintocet-mexyl HORVS = Hordeum vulgare (spring barley) TRZAS = Triticum aestivum (spring wheat) AMARE = Amaranthus retroflexus (pigweed) BRSNW = Brassica napus (winter rape) KCHSC = Kochia scoparia (kochia) PAPRH = Papaver rhoeas (common poppy) SINAR = Sinapis arvensis (wild mustard) VIOTR = Viola tricolor (wild pansy)

TABLE 19 Effect (% visual injury) of compound 17 on barley (HORVS) and spring wheat (TRZAS). compound 17 Application 4.375 8.75 17.5 35 70 0 0 0 0 0 4.375 8.75 17.5 35 70 rate (g/ha) CQC-m 0 0 0 0 0 4.375 8.75 17.5 35 70 4.375 8.75 17.5 35 70 HORVS Ob  0 15 30 40 45 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 0 15 30 40 45 Δ 0 −15 −30 −40 −45 TRZAS Ob  0 15 30 40 45 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 0 15 30 40 45 Δ 0 −15 −30 −40 −45 AMARE Ob 100  100  0 0 100 100 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 100 100 Δ 0 0 BRSNW Ob 60 90 95 95 97 0 0 0 0 0 80 90 97 100 100 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 60 90 95 95 97 Δ 20 0 2 5 3 CHEAL Ob 40 60 70 80 85 0 0 0 0 0 40 60 70 75 85 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 40 60 70 80 85 Δ 0 0 0 −5 0 CIRAR Ob  0  0 10 20 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 20 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 0 0 10 20 20 Δ 0 0 −10 0 0 GALAP Ob 50 60 70 90 90 0 0 0 0 0 50 60 70 80 85 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 50 60 70 90 90 Δ 0 0 0 −10 −5 KCHSC Ob 85 90 95 100  100  0 0 0 0 0 80 93 95 95 95 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 85 90 95 100 100 Δ −5 3 0 −5 −5 PAPRH Ob 80 85 85 95 100  0 0 0 0 0 80 90 95 100 100 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 80 85 85 95 100 Δ 0 5 10 5 0 SINAR Ob 93 93 95 95 100  0 0 0 0 0 93 95 95 100 100 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 93 93 95 95 100 Δ 0 2 0 5 0 g/ha = grams per hectare CQC-m = Cloquintocet-mexyl HORVS = Hordeum vulgare (spring barley) TRZAS = Triticum aestivum (spring wheat) AMARE = Amaranthus retroflexus (pigweed) BRSNW = Brassica napus (winter rape) CHEAL = Chenopodium album (lambsquarters) CIRAR = Cirsium arvense (thistle) GALAP = Galium aparine (cleavers) KCHSC = Kochia scoparia (kochia) PAPRH = Papaver rhoeas (common poppy) SINAR = Sinapis arvensis (wild mustard)

TABLE 20 Effect (% visual injury) of compound 18 on barley (HORVS) and spring wheat (TRZAS). compound 18 Application 4.375 8.75 17.5 35 70 0 0 0 0 0 4.375 8.75 17.5 35 70 rate (g/ha) CQC-m 0 0 0 0 0 4.375 8.75 17.5 35 70 4.375 8.75 17.5 35 70 HORVS Ob 15 25 40 50 70 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 15 25 40 50 70 Δ −15 −25 −40 −50 −70 TRZAS Ob 10 25 40 50 70 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 10 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 10 25 40 50 70 Δ −10 −25 −40 −40 −60 KCHSC Ob 30 40 75 93 90 0 0 0 0 0 50 70 80 93 95 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 30 40 75 93 90 Δ 20 30 5 0 5 PAPRH Ob 90 90 93 93 95 0 0 0 0 0 93 93 95 95 97 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 90 90 93 93 95 Δ 3 3 2 2 2 g/ha = grams per hectare CQC-m = Cloquintocet-mexyl HORVS = Hordeum vulgare (spring barley) TRZAS = Triticum aestivum (spring wheat) KCHSC = Kochia scoparia (kochia) PAPRH = Papaver rhoeas (common poppy)

TABLE 21 Effect (% visual injury) of compound 19 on barley (HORVS) and spring wheat (TRZAS). compound 19 Application 4.375 8.75 17.5 35 70 0 0 0 0 0 4.375 8.75 17.5 35 70 rate (g/ha) CQC-m 0 0 0 0 0 4.375 8.75 17.5 35 70 4.375 8.75 17.5 35 70 HORVS Ob 0 10 10 15 35 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 0 10 10 15 35 Δ 0 −10 −10 −15 −35 TRZAS Ob 0 10 30 40 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 0 10 30 40 50 Δ 0 −10 −30 −40 −50 BRSNW Ob 0 10 20 25 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 20 50 70 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 0 10 20 25 30 Δ 0 0 0 25 40 KCHSC Ob 0  0  0 10 60 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 70 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 0 0 0 10 60 Δ 0 0 0 40 10 PAPRH Ob 80  80 85 90 95 0 0 0 0 0 80 80 85 90 95 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 80 80 85 90 95 Δ 0 0 0 0 0 g/ha = grams per hectare CQC-m = Cloquintocet-mexyl HORVS = Hordeum vulgare (spring barley) TRZAS = Triticum aestivum (spring wheat) BRSNW = Brassica napus (winter rape) KCHSC = Kochia scoparia (kochia) PAPRH = Papaver rhoeas (common poppy)

TABLE 22 Effect (% visual injury) of compound 20 on barley (HORVS) and spring wheat (TRZAS). compound 20 Application 4.375 8.75 17.5 35 70 0 0 0 0 0 4.375 8.75 17.5 35 70 rate (g/ha) CQC-m 0 0 0 0 0 4.375 8.75 17.5 35 70 4.375 8.75 17.5 35 70 HORVS Ob  0 10 20 30 40 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 0 10 20 30 40 Δ 0 −10 −20 −30 −40 TRZAS Ob  0  0  0 10 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 0 0 0 10 20 Δ 0 0 0 −10 −20 CIRAR Ob  0 10 20 40 70 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 20 50 65 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 0 10 20 40 70 Δ 0 0 0 10 −5 KCHSC Ob 70 80 85 90 95 0 0 0 0 0 70 93 90 95 95 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 70 80 85 90 95 Δ 0 13 5 5 0 PAPRH Ob 85 85 95 100  95 0 0 0 0 0 85 93 100 100 100 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 85 85 95 100 95 Δ 0 8 5 0 5 SASKR Ob 20 40 60 80 80 0 0 0 0 0 65 70 80 80 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 20 40 60 80 80 Δ −20 25 10 0 0 SINAR Ob 60 60 83 80 93 0 0 0 0 0 60 70 90 90 93 Ex — — — — — — — — — — 60 60 83 80 93 Δ 0 10 7 10 0 g/ha = grams per hectare CQC-m = Cloquintocet-mexyl HORVS = Hordeum vulgare (spring barley) TRZAS = Triticum aestivum (spring wheat) CIRAR = Cirsium arvense (thistle) KCHSC = Kochia scoparia (kochia) PAPRH = Papaver rhoeas (common poppy) SASKR = Salsola kali (Russian thistle) SINAR = Sinapis arvensis (wild mustard)

Example 3 Herbicidal Activity and Effect on Crop Injury on Wheat and Barley of Cloquintocet-Acid, -Mexyl, -Dimethylammonium Salt and -Triethylammonium Salt in Combination with Compounds of Formula (I) in Greenhouse Trials

Methodology—Evaluation of Postemergence Herbicidal Safening in Cereal Crops Greenhouse Trials

Seeds of the desired test plant species were planted in Sun Gro MetroMix® 306 planting mixture, which typically has a pH of 6.0 to 6.8 and an organic matter content of about 30 percent, in plastic pots with a surface area of 103.2 square centimeters (cm²). When required to ensure good germination and healthy plants, a fungicide treatment and/or other chemical or physical treatment was applied. The plants were grown for 7-36 days (d) in a greenhouse with an approximate 14-hour (h) photoperiod which was maintained at about 23° C. during the day and 22° C. during the night. Nutrients and water were added on a regular basis and supplemental lighting was provided with overhead metal halide 1000-Watt lamps as necessary. The plants were employed for testing when they reached the second or third true leaf stage.

Weighed amounts of technical material were dissolved in a volume of 97:3 volume per volume (v/v) acetone/dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to stock solutions. If the experimental compound did not dissolve readily, the mixture was warmed and/or sonicated. The concentrated stock solutions were diluted with an aqueous mixture of 1.5% v/v of Agri-dex crop oil concentrate to provide the appropriate application rates. Compound requirements are based upon a 12 milliliter (mL) application volume at a rate of 187 liters per hectare (L/ha). Stocks solutions of the safeners were prepared following the same procedure. Spray solutions of the safeners and experimental compound mixtures were prepared by adding the stock solutions to the appropriate amount of dilution solution to form a 12 mL spray solution in two-way combinations. Formulated compounds were applied to the plant material with an overhead Mandel track sprayer equipped with 8002E nozzles calibrated to deliver 187 L/ha over an application area of 0.503 square meters (m²) at a spray height of 18 inches (43 centimeters (cm)) above average plant canopy. Control plants were sprayed in the same manner with the solvent blank. All herbicide application (component a) rates are in g ae/ha and all safener (component b) rates are in g ai/ha.

The treated plants and control plants were placed in a greenhouse as described above and watered by sub-irrigation to prevent wash-off of the test compounds. After 20-22 d, the condition of the test plants as compared with that of the control plants was determined visually and scored on a scale of 0 to 100 percent where 0 corresponds to no injury and 100 corresponds to complete kill. The condition of the test plants was compared with that of the control plants as determined visually and scored on a scale of 0 to 100 percent, where 0 corresponds to no injury and 100 corresponds to complete kill. Colby's equation was used to determine the herbicidal effects expected from the mixtures.

The safener cloquintocet-acid and a number of agriculturally acceptable esters and salts (-mexyl, -dimethylammonium salt and -triethylammonium salt) were combined in varying ratios with compound 1 and applied to spring wheat (TRZAS), winter wheat (TRZAW), and spring barley (HORVS), and the phytotoxicity of the herbicidal compositions was measured. In addition, the efficacy of the herbicidal composition on pigweed (AMARE, Amaranthus retroflexus), nutsedge (CYPES, Cyperus esculentus), common sunflower (HELAN, Helianthus annuus), and common sorghum (SORVU, Sorghum vulgare). The results are summarized in Tables 23-26.

TABLE 23 Effect (% visual injury) of compound 1 and cloquintocet- acid on corn/maize (ZEAMX) and winter wheat (TRZAW). Compound 1 20 0 0 0 20 20 20 40 0 0 0 40 40 40 CQC-acid Application 0 5 10 20 5 10 20 0 2.5 5 10 2.5 5 10 Rate (g/ha) Ratio (H:S) — — — — 4:1 2:1 1:1 — — — — 16:1 8:1 4:1 TRZAW Ob 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ex — — — — 13 13 13 — — — — 15 15 15 Δ −13 −13 −13 −15 −15 −15 ZEAMX Ob  3 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 0 0 0 0 5 15 Ex — — — — 3 3 3 — — — — 30 30 30 Δ −3 −3 −3 −30 −25 −15 SORVU Ob 18 0 0 0 0 15 18 68 0 0 0 20 65 65 Ex — — — — 18 18 18 — — — — 68 68 68 Δ −18 −3 0 −48 −3 −3 HELAN Ob 98 0 0 0 100 100 100 100  0 0 0 100 100 100 Ex — — — — 98 98 98 — — — — 100 100 100 Δ 3 3 3 0 0 0 AMARE Ob 100  0 0 0 100 100 100 100  0 0 0 100 100 100 Ex — — — — 100 100 100 — — — — 100 100 100 Δ 0 0 0 0 0 0 CYPES Ob 35 0 0 0 33 8 43 35 0 0 0 13 45 65 Ex — — — — 35 35 35 — — — — 35 35 35 Δ −3 −28 8 −23 10 30 g/ha = grams per hectare CQC-acid = Cloquintocet-acid TRZAW = Triticum aestivum (winter wheat) ZEAMX = Zea mays (corn/maize) AMARE = Amaranthus retroflexus (pigweed) CYPES = Cyperus esculentus (nutsedge) HELAN = Helianthus annuus (common sunflower) SORVU = Sorghum vulgare (common sorghum)

TABLE 24 Effect (% visual injury) of compound 1 and cloquintocet-dimethylammonium (DMA) on corn/maize (ZEAMX) and winter wheat (TRZAW). Compound 1 20 0 0 0 20 20 20 40 0 0 0 40 40 40 CQC-DMA Application 0 5 10 20 5 10 20 0 2.5 5 10 2.5 5 10 Rate (g/ha) Ratio (H:S) — — — — 4:1 2:1 1:1 — — — — 16:1 8:1 4:1 TRZAW Ob 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ex — — — — 13 13 13 — — — — 15 15 15 Δ −13 −13 −13 −15 −15 −15 ZEAMX Ob  3 0 0 0 5 2 0 30 0 0 0 8 5 0 Ex — — — — 3 3 3 — — — — 30 30 30 Δ 3 −1 −3 −23 −25 −30 SORVU Ob 18 0 0 0 8 8 3 68 0 0 0 65 63 28 Ex — — — — 18 18 18 — — — — 68 68 68 Δ −10 −10 −15 −3 −5 −40 HELAN Ob 98 0 0 0 100 100 100 100  0 0 0 100 100 97 Ex — — — — 98 98 98 — — — — 100 100 100 Δ 3 3 3 0 0 −3 AMARE Ob 100  0 0 0 100 100 100 100  0 0 0 100 100 100 Ex — — — — 100 100 100 — — — — 100 100 100 Δ 0 0 0 0 0 0 CYPES Ob 35 0 0 0 0 15 13 35 0 0 0 20 35 63 Ex — — — — 35 35 35 — — — — 35 35 35 Δ −35 −20 −23 −15 0 28 g/ha = grams per hectare CQC-DMA = Cloquintocet-dimethylammonium TRZAW = Triticum aestivum (winter wheat) ZEAMX = Zea mays (corn/maize) AMARE = Amaranthus retroflexus (pigweed) CYPES = Cyperus esculentus (nutsedge) HELAN = Helianthus annuus (common sunflower) SORVU = Sorghum vulgare (common sorghum)

TABLE 25 Effect (% visual injury) of compound 1 and cloquintocet- mexyl on corn/maize (ZEAMX) and winter wheat (TRZAW). Compound 1 20 0 0 0 20 20 20 40 0 0 0 40 40 40 CQC-m Application 0 5 10 20 5 10 20 0 2.5 5 10 2.5 5 10 Rate (g/ha) Ratio (H:S) — — — — 4:1 2:1 1:1 — — — — 16:1 8:1 4:1 TRZAW Ob 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ex — — — — 13 12.5 13 — — — — 15 15 15 Δ −13 −13 −13 −15 −15 −15 ZEAMX Ob  3 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ex — — — — 3 2.5 3 — — — — 30 30 30 Δ −3 −3 −3 −30 −30 −30 SORVU Ob 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 68 0 0 0 15 5 15 Ex — — — — 18 17.5 18 — — — — 68 67.5 68 Δ −18 −18 −18 −53 −63 −53 HELAN Ob 98 0 0 0 95 100 100 100  0 0 0 97 100 100 Ex — — — — 98 97.5 98 — — — — 100 100 100 Δ −3 3 3 −3 0 0 AMARE Ob 100  0 0 0 100 100 100 100  0 0 0 100 100 100 Ex — — — — 100 100 100 — — — — 100 100 100 Δ 0 0 0 0 0 0 CYPES Ob 35 0 0 0 15 30 8 35 0 0 0 33 33 30 Ex — — — — 35 35 35 — — — — 35 35 35 Δ −20 −5 −28 −3 −3 −5 g/ha = grams per hectare CQC-m = Cloquintocet-mexyl TRZAW = Triticum aestivum (winter wheat) ZEAMX = Zea mays (corn/maize) AMARE = Amaranthus retroflexus (pigweed) CYPES = Cyperus esculentus (nutsedge) HELAN = Helianthus annuus (common sunflower) SORVU = Sorghum vulgare (common sorghum)

TABLE 26 Effect (% visual injury) of compound 1 and cloquintocet-triethylammonium (TEA) on corn/maize (ZEAMX) and winter wheat (TRZAW). Compound 1 20 0 0 0 20 20 20 40 0 0 0 40 40 40 CQC-TEA Application 0 5 10 20 5 10 20 0 2.5 5 10 2.5 5 10 Rate (g/ha) Ratio (H:S) — — — — 4:1 2:1 1:1 — — — — 16:1 8:1 4:1 TRZAW Ob 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ex — — — — 13 13 13 — — — — 15 15 15 Δ −13 −13 −13 −15 −15 −15 ZEAMX Ob  3 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 0 0 0 18 10 10 Ex — — — — 3 3 3 — — — — 30 30 30 Δ −3 −3 −3 −13 −20 −20 SORVU Ob 18 0 0 0 23 0 0 68 0 0 0 60 63 58 Ex — — — — 18 18 18 — — — — 68 68 68 Δ 5 −18 −18 −8 −5 −10 HELAN Ob 98 0 0 0 100 100 100 100  0 0 0 100 100 100 Ex — — — — 98 98 98 — — — — 100 100 100 Δ 3 3 3 0 0 0 AMARE Ob 100  0 0 0 100 100 100 100  0 0 0 100 100 100 Ex — — — — 100 100 100 — — — — 100 100 100 Δ 0 0 0 0 0 0 CYPES Ob 35 0 0 0 55 10 8 35 0 0 0 43 65 33 Ex — — — — 35 35 35 — — — — 35 35 35 Δ 20 −25 −28 8 30 −3 g/ha = grams per hectare CQC-TEA = Cloquintocet-triethylammonium TRZAW = Triticum aestivum (winter wheat) ZEAMX = Zea mays (corn/maize) AMARE = Amaranthus retroflexus (pigweed) CYPES = Cyperus esculentus (nutsedge) HELAN = Helianthus annuus (common sunflower) SORVU = Sorghum vulgare (common sorghum)

The compositions and methods of the appended claims are not limited in scope by the specific compositions and methods described herein, which are intended as illustrations of a few aspects of the claims and any compositions and methods that are functionally equivalent are intended to fall within the scope of the claims. Various modifications of the compositions and methods in addition to those shown and described herein are intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims. Further, while only certain representative compositions and method steps disclosed herein are specifically described, other combinations of the compositions and method steps also are intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims, even if not specifically recited. Thus, a combination of steps, elements, components, or constituents may be explicitly mentioned herein or less, however, other combinations of steps, elements, components, and constituents are included, even though not explicitly stated. The term “comprising” and variations thereof as used herein is used synonymously with the term “including” and variations thereof and are open, non-limiting terms. Although the terms “comprising” and “including” have been used herein to describe various embodiments, the terms “consisting essentially of” and “consisting of” can be used in place of “comprising” and “including” to provide for more specific embodiments of the invention and are also disclosed. Other than in the examples, or where otherwise noted, all numbers expressing quantities of ingredients, reaction conditions, and so forth used in the specification and claims are to be understood at the very least, and not as an attempt to limit the application of the doctrine of equivalents to the scope of the claims, to be construed in light of the number of significant digits and ordinary rounding approaches. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A safened herbicidal composition, comprising: (a) a pyridine carboxylic acid herbicide defined by Formula (III)

wherein X is CY, wherein Y is halogen, C₁-C₃ alkyl, C₁-C₃ haloalkyl, C₁-C₃ alkoxy, C₁-C₃ haloalkoxy, C₁-C₃ alkylthio or C₁-C₃ haloalkylthio; R¹ is OR^(1′), wherein R^(1′) is hydrogen, C₁-C₈ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, or C₇-C₁₀ arylalkyl; R² is halogen, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ haloalkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, C₁-C₄ alkoxy, C₁-C₄ haloalkoxy, C₁-C₄ alkylthio, C₁-C₄ haloalkylthio, amino, C₁-C₄ alkylamino, C₂-C₄ haloalkylamino, formyl, C₁-C₃ alkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₃ haloalkylcarbonyl, or cyano; R³ and R⁴ are independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₃-C₆ alkenyl, C₃-C₆ haloalkenyl, C₃-C₆ alkynyl, formyl, C₁-C₃ alkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₃ haloalkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxycarbonyl, C₁-C₆ alkylcarbamyl, or C₁-C₆ alkylsulfonyl, R⁶ and R^(6′) are independently hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, cyclopropyl, halocyclopropyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ haloalkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, C₁-C₃ alkoxy, C₁-C₃ haloalkoxy, C₁-C₃ alkylthio, C₁-C₃ haloalkylthio, amino, C₁-C₄ alkylamino, C₂-C₄ haloalkylamino, OH, CN, or NO₂; R⁷ and R^(7′) are independently hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, cyclopropyl, halocyclopropyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ haloalkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, C₁-C₃ alkoxy, C₁-C₃ haloalkoxy, C₁-C₃ alkylthio, C₁-C₃ haloalkylthio, amino, C₁-C₄ alkylamino, C₁-C₄ haloalkylamino, or phenyl; and R⁸ is hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₃-C₆ alkenyl, C₃-C₆ haloalkenyl, C₃-C₆ alkynyl, formyl, C₁-C₃ alkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₃ haloalkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxycarbonyl, C₁-C₆ alkylcarbamyl, C₁-C₆ alkylsulfonyl, C₁-C₆ trialkylsilyl, or phenyl; or an agriculturally acceptable N-oxide or salt thereof; and (b) a quinolinyloxyacetate safener, or an agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof.
 2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the pyridine carboxylic acid herbicide comprises one of the following:


3. The composition of claim 1, wherein the pyridine carboxylic acid herbicide comprises


4. The composition of claim 1, wherein the quinolinyloxyacetate safener comprises cloquintocet or an agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof.
 5. The composition of claim 1, wherein the quinolinyloxyacetate safener comprises cloquintocet-mexyl.
 6. The composition of claim 1, wherein the weight ratio of (a) in g ae/ha to (b) in g ai/ha is from 65:1 to 1:5.
 7. The composition of claim 1, further comprising an agriculturally acceptable adjuvant or carrier.
 8. The composition of claim 1, further comprising an additional pesticide.
 9. The composition of claim 1, wherein the active ingredients in the composition consist of (a) and (b).
 10. A method of controlling undesirable vegetation, comprising applying to vegetation or an area adjacent the vegetation or applying to soil or water to control the emergence or growth of vegetation the composition of claim
 1. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein (a) and (b) are applied post-emergence to the undesirable vegetation.
 12. The method of claim 10, wherein (a) is applied in amount of from 0.1 g ae/ha to 300 g ae/ha.
 13. The method of claim 10, wherein (b) is applied in amount of from 1 g ai/ha to 300 g ai/ha.
 14. The method of claim 10, further comprising applying an additional pesticide.
 15. The method of claim 10, wherein the undesirable vegetation is controlled in wheat, barley, triticale, rye, teff, oats, corn/maize, sorghum, rice, sugarcane, vineyards, orchards, perennial plantation crops, soybeans, cotton, sunflower, oilseed rape/canola, sugarbeets, turf, range and pasture, industrial vegetation management (IVM), rights-of-way, or combinations thereof.
 16. The method of claim 10, wherein the undesirable vegetation includes a broadleaf weed.
 17. The method of claim 10, wherein the undesirable vegetation comprises a herbicide resistant or tolerant weed.
 18. The method of claim 10, wherein the undesirable vegetation includes velvetleaf (ABUTH, Abutilon theophrasti), pigweed (AMARE, Amaranthus retroflexus), winter rape (BRSNW, Brassica napus), shepherd's purse (CAPBP, Capsella bursa pastoris), cornflower (CENCY, Centaurea cyanus or Cyanus segetum), lambsquarters (CHEAL, Chenopodium album), thistle (CIRAR, Cirsium arvense), nutsedge (CYPES, Cyperus esculentus), poinsettia (EPHHL, Euphorbia heterophylla), cleavers (GALAP, Galium aparine), Helianthus annuus (HELAN, common sunflower), kochia (KCHSC, Kochia scoparia), prickly lettuce (LACSE, Lactuca serriola), purple deadnettle (LAMPU, Lamium purpureum), wild chamomile (MATCH, Matricaria chamomilla), common poppy (PAPRH, Papaver rhoeas), wild buckwheat (POLCO, Polygonum convolvulus), Russian thistle (SASKR, Salsola kali), giant foxtail (SETFA, Setaria faberi), green foxtail (SETVI, Setaria viridis), wild mustard (SINAR, Sinapis arvensis), common sorghum (SORVU, Sorghum vulgare), chickweed (STEME, Stellaria media), bird's-eye speedwell (VERPE, Veronica persica), wild pansy (VIOTR, Viola tricolor), or a combination thereof.
 19. The method of claim 10, wherein the active ingredients applied to the vegetation or an area adjacent the vegetation or applied to soil or water to control the emergence or growth of vegetation consist of (a) and (b). 